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TopTagalog Word List
The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its Austronesian roots.
- 1Spanish
Spanish[edit]
The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their review of a Pilipino-English dictionary, Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) point out that 33% of word roots are of Spanish origin.[1] An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):
- Tagalog: 'Puwede (Puede) ba akóng umupô sa silya (silla) sa tabi ng bintana (ventana) hábang nása biyahe (viaje) táyo sa eroplano (aeroplano)?'
- Translation in English: ('May I sit on the chair near the window during our voyage in the aeroplane?')
The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940[2] changed the spelling of most of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The loanwords derived from the Spanish language have their original spellings indigenized according to the rules of the Abakada alphabet. Examples include agila (from Sp. águila), alkalde (from Sp. alcalde), bakuna (from Sp. vacuna), banyo (from Sp. baño), baso (from Sp. vaso), biktima (from Sp. víctima), bintana (from Sp. ventana), bisita (from Sp. visita), biyahe (from Sp. viaje), braso (from Sp. brazo), demokrasya (from Sp. democracia), diyaryo (from Sp. diario), estudyante (from Sp. estudiante), heneral (from Sp. general), hustisya (from Sp. justicia), kama (from Sp. cama), kambiyo (from Sp. cambio de marcha), keso (from Sp. queso), kutsara (from Sp. cuchara), kuwarto (from Sp. cuarto), kuwento (from Sp. cuento), lababo (from Sp. lavabo), mensahe (from Sp. mensaje), meryenda (from Sp. merienda), mikrobyo (from Sp. microbio), niyebe (from Sp. nieve), panyo (from Sp. paño), pila (from Sp. fila), plema (from Sp. flema), presyo (from Sp. precio), prinsesa (from Sp. princesa), reseta (from Sp. receta médica), reyna (from Sp. reina), serbisyo (from Sp. servicio), sinturon (from Sp. cinturón), teklado (from Sp. teclado), telebisyon (from Sp. televisión), tinidor (from Sp. tenedor), trabaho (from Sp. trabajo), tuwalya (from Sp. toalla) and yelo (from Sp. hielo).[3][4][5]
Other loanwords derived from the Spanish language underwent spelling and pronunciation changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language. For example, an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift can be observed in the Filipino word paminta, which came from the Spanish word pimienta.[3] A rare vowel change from /e/ to /u/ can be observed in the words unano (from Sp. enano) and umpisa (from Sp. empezar). Other words derived from Spanish underwent vowel deletion upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as the words pusta (from Sp. apostar), tarantado (from Sp. atarantado), kursonada (from Sp. corazonada), Pasko (from Sp. Pascua) and labi (from Sp. labio).[3] Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words: albularyo (witch doctor or folk healer, from Sp. herbolario), alma (from Sp. armar), almusal (from Sp. almorzar), asukal (from Sp. azúcar), balbas (from Sp. barba), bandila (from. Sp. bandera), dasal (from Sp. rezar), hibla (thread or strand, from Sp. hebra), hilo (dizzy, from Sp. giro), hulmá (to mould, from Sp. ahormar), kasal (from Sp. casar), kumpisal (from Sp. confesar), litratista (photographer, from Sp. retratista), litrato (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. retrato), multo (from Sp. muerto), nunal (from Sp. lunar), pastol (from Sp. pastor) and pasyal (from Sp. pasear). The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word kutson derived from the Spanish colchón. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words talino[6] (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. talento) and tina[7] (dye, from Sp. tinta). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of limos (from Sp. limosna), masyado (from Sp. demasiado), posas (from Sp. esposas), restawran (from Sp. restaurante), riles (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. carriles), sindi (from Sp. third-person singular present tense conjugation of the verb encender) and sintunado (from Sp. desentonado).[4]
The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog.[8] Such is the case of the words barya (from Sp. barilla), kabayo (from Sp. caballo), kutamaya (from. Sp. cota de malla), lauya (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. la olla), sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) and tabliya or tablea (from Sp. tablilla de chocolate). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog were probably introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century by educated Peninsulares.[8] Examples include apelyido (from Sp. apellido), balyena (from Sp. ballena), kalye (from Sp. calle), kutsilyo (from Sp. cuchillo), makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla de escribir), sepilyo (from Sp. cepillo de dientes), silya (from Sp. silla) and sigarilyo (from Sp. cigarrillo).[8] There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case of the following words: kulani (lymph node, from Sp. collarín[9]), kursilista (from Sp. cursillista) and úling (coal, soot or charcoal; from Sp. hollín[10]).
Others have morphed like 'ku(ha)nin' (Sp.: 'coja' + Tag.: '–nin'), which has inconspicuously developed into another pure Tagalog–sounding word. Another one is maámong kordero (from Sp. amo & cordero). Combined together, it conveys the description of a meek, tame, harmless human with Tagalog adjective prefix and suffix added. The compound word batya't palo–palo, a must word in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish batea for 'washing tub' and palo for 'stick' or 'beater', something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all. Others are umpisa (empieza), pulubi (pobre), pader (pared).
Some have acquired an entirely new meaning, such as kursonada (corazonada, originally meaning 'hunch'), which means 'object of desire'; sospetsoso (sospechoso) is the 'suspicious person' and not the 'suspect' as in the original; insekto ('insecto'), which still means 'insect' but also refers to a 'pesty clownish person'; or even sige (sigue), a Spanish word for 'continue' or 'follow', which is now widely understood to mean 'all right' or 'go ahead'.
Others use Spanish prefixes and/or suffixes, combined from Tagalog or other languages, without which the word can not be completed and convey its meaning. For example, pakialamero (from Tag. pakialam, 'to meddle' and the Sp. suffix –ero, masculine subject); same as majongero ('mahjong', a Chinese word and the Sp. suffix –ero). Daisysiete is a corruption and portmanteau of the English 'daisy' and the Spanish diecisiete ('seventeen'), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (below 18, hence the number) female. Bastusing katawán (Sp.: basto & Tag.: katawan) is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body
Even after the Spanish era, Tagalog is still being influenced by Spanish as new words are coined, albeit along its own terms, viz., alaskadór ('Alaska' + Sp. suffix '–ador'); barkada (from Sp.: barca,'boat' to 'clique'); bérde ('verde'='green', nuanced to 'toilet humour' or 'blue joke'); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country. In a strange twist, even if Filipinos have a chance to Tagalized words using foreign words, currently English—their most accessible influence—they coin words in a uniquely Hispanizing way i.e. 'boksingero' (from Eng. 'boxing') instead of using the Spanish 'boxeador'. Or 'basketbolista' (from Eng. 'basketball'), instead of borrowing from Spanish 'baloncesto' to make it say 'baloncestista' or 'baloncestador' (although basketball 'básquetbol' in many Latin American countries).
Here are some examples of Spanish–derived Tagalog words in the following format:Word (Etymology – Original Definition/s if different from Nuanced Definition. = Derivative Definition if Compound Words) – Nuanced Definition. Shared Definition precedes Nuanced Definition if both exist.
Tagalog | Spanish | Meaning | Native equivalent(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Abante | Avante | Ahead; Forward | Pasulóng, Pausad |
Abelyana[11] | Avellana | Common hazel (Corylus avellana) | |
Abiso | Aviso | Warning | Babalâ |
Ahedres | Ajedrez | Chess | |
Ahente | Agente | Agent | Kinatawán |
Alemanya | Alemania | Germany | |
Amarilyo | Amarillo | Yellow | Dilaw |
Antena | Antena | Antenna | |
Aparador | Aparador | Closet | |
Asoge | Azogue | Mercury (Hg) | |
Asul | Azul | Blue | Bughaw |
Asupre | Azufre | Sulfur (S) | Sangyawa |
Atenas | Atenas | Athens | |
Baryo | Barrio | Village | Barangay, Bukid, Nayon |
Baso | Vaso | Drinking glass | |
Basura | Basura | Garbage, Trash, Waste | Kalat, Dumi |
Bentilador | Ventilador | Electric fan | |
Bisagra | Bisagra | Hinge (door) | |
Bisikleta | Bicicleta | Bicycle | |
Bruha | Bruja | Witch; Woman with unpleasant personality | Mangkukulam |
Bulsá | Bolsa | ||
Busina | Bocina | Car horn | |
Britanya | Bretaña | Britain | |
Datos | Datos | Datum/Data | |
Departamento | Departamento | Department | Kagawarán |
Dinero | Dinero | Money | Pera, salapi |
Deskaril | Descarrilar | To derail | |
Diyos | Dios | God | Panginoon |
Duwende | Duende | Elf, goblin | |
Diyaryo | Diario | Newspaper | Pahayagan |
Ebanghelyo | Evangelio | Gospel | Mabuting Balita |
Edad | Edad | Age | Gulang |
Ekolohiya | Ecología | Ecology | |
Ekonomiya | Economía | Economy | Kabuhayan, Pagtitipid, Katipirán |
Ekwador | Ecuador | Equator | |
Elyo | Helio | Helium (He) | |
Embahada | Embajada | Embassy | Pasuguan |
Embahador | Embajador | Ambassador | |
Ensalada | Ensalada | Salad | |
Eroplano | Aeroplano | Airplane | |
Espanyol/Español | Español | Spanish | |
Espongha | Esponja | Sponge | |
Estados Unidos | Estados Unidos | United States | |
Estadistika | Estadística | Statistics | |
Estupido | Estúpido | Stupid | Tanga |
Garahe | Garaje | Garage | Taguán (lit. 'hiding place') |
Gasolina | Gasolina | Gasoline | |
Gastos | Gastos | Expenses | |
Gitara | Guitarra | Guitar | |
Gobyerno | Gobierno | Government | Pamahalaan |
Guwapo | Guapo | Handsome | Makisig, Magandang lalaki |
Giyera | Guerra | War | Digmaan |
Hapón | Japón | Japan | |
Haponés | Japonés | Japanese | |
Hardin | Jardín | Garden | Halamanan |
Hardinero | Jardinero | Gardener | |
Hepe | Jefe | Chief of police | |
Heringgilya | Jeringuilla | Syringe | |
Huwes | Juez | Judge | Hukom, tagahatol |
Idroheno | Hidrógeno | Hydrogen (H) | |
Industriya | Industria | Industry | |
Ingles | Inglés | English | |
Inglatera | Inglaterra | England | |
Intindí | Entiende | Understand | Unawà |
Kalabasa | Calabaza | Squash (Cucurbita maxima) | |
Kaloriya | Caloría | Calorie (unit of energy or heat) | |
Kamelyo | Camello | Camel | |
Kampeon | Campeón | Champion | |
Kandidato | Candidato | Candidate | |
Kapasidad | Capacidad | Capacity | Kakayahán |
Kapilya | Capilla | Chapel | |
Keso | Queso | Cheese | |
Kloro | Cloro | Chlorine (Cl) | |
Kobalto | Cobalto | Cobalt (Co) | |
Kolehiyo | Colegio | College | Dalubhasaan |
Kolesterol | Colesterol | Cholesterol | |
Konstitusyón | Constitución | Constitution | Saligang Batás (lit. 'basic/foundational law') |
Kontrabando | Contrabando | Contraband, Smuggled Goods | |
Konsepto | Concepto | Concept | Dalumat |
Kordero | Cordero | Lamb | Batang tupa |
Kotse/Awto | Coche/Auto | Car/Auto | Sasakyán (lit. the more general 'vehicle') |
Kumusta | ¿Cómo está? | How is/are? (interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality)[12] | |
Kuweba | Cueva | Cave | Yungib |
Kuwenta | Cuenta | Bill | Bayarin |
Lapis | Lápiz | Pencil | |
Libra | Libra | Pound (unit of measurement) | |
Lingguwistika | Lingüística | Linguistics | |
Loko | Loco | Crazy | Balíw, sira-ulo |
Lugar | Lugar | Place | Poók |
Luhò | Lujo | Luxury | Rangyâ, Karangyaan |
Maleta | Maleta | Suitcase, luggage | |
Mani | Maní | Peanut | |
Mantikà | Manteca | Cooking oil | |
Mantsa | Mancha | Stain | |
Margarina | Margarina | Margarine | |
Matematika | Matemática | Mathematics | |
Matematiko | Matemático | Mathematician | |
Memorya | Memoria | Memory | Alaala, Gunita |
Militar | Militar | Military | Hukbo, Sandatahan |
Minuto | Minuto | Minute (unit of time) | |
Miyembro | Miembro | Member | Kasapi, Kagawad |
Monarkiya | Monarquía | Monarchy | Kaharián (lit. 'kingdom') |
Motorsiklo | Motocicleta | Motorcycle | |
Musika | Música | Music | Tugtugin |
Mustasa | Mostaza | Mustard | |
Nasyonalista | Nacionalista | Nationalist | Makabayan, Makabansâ |
Obispo | Obispo | Bishop | |
Oksiheno | Oxígeno | Oxygen (O) | |
Olanda | Holanda | Netherlands | |
Onsa | Onza | Ounce (unit of measurement) | |
Opisyal | Oficial | Official | |
Otel | Hotel | Hotel | |
Pabrika | Fábrica | Factory | Pagawaan |
Pamilya | Familia | Family | |
Panderetas | Panderetas | Tambourine | |
Pantalon | Pantalón | Pants, trousers | |
Papél | Papel | Paper | |
Paról | Farol | Star-shaped Christmas lantern | |
Pasaporte | Pasaporte | Passport | |
Pelikula | Película | Movie | |
Pilduras | Píldoras | Medicinal pill | |
Pilipinas | Filipinas | Philippines | |
Piso | Peso | Philippine Peso | |
Porke | Porque | Because | Kasi |
Probinsiya | Provincia | Province | Lalawigan |
Presidente | Presidente | President | Pangulo |
Presko | Fresco | Fresh | Sariwa |
Protina | Proteina | Protein | |
Pulgada | Pulgada | Inch (unit of measurement) | |
Pulisya | Policía | Police | |
Puwede | Puede | Can, Could, May, Might | Kaya, Maaarì (denotes permission. i.e., more like 'may') |
Puwera[13] | Fuera | Except (preposition) | Maliban sa, Maliban kay |
Radyo | Radio | Radio | |
Realidad | Realidad | Reality | Katunayan, Katotohanan |
Reló, Relos, Rilos | Reloj | Clock (or any instrument used to track time) | Orasán |
Repúblika | República | Republic | |
Sabadista | Sabadista | Member of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church | |
Sapatos | Zapatos | Shoes | |
Sardinas | Sardinas | Sardines (any fish belonging to the family Clupeidae) | |
Sarado | Cerrado | Closed | Nakapinid |
Selyo | Sello | Seal (the Tagalog 'selyo' usually refers to postage stamp) | Tatak (also means 'brand', 'label' and 'mark') |
Sentimyento (or 'senti') | Sentimiento | Sentiment | |
Senyales | Señales | Signs | Tanda |
Sikolohiya | Psicología | Psychology | |
Sim | Zinc | Zinc (Zn) | |
Simple | Simple | Simple | Payak |
Sipilyo | Cepillo | Brush | |
Siyudad | Ciudad | City | Lungsod |
Sundalo | Soldado | Soldier | Kawal |
Sustansya | Sustancia | Food nutrient | |
Sustento | Sustento | Financial support | |
Suweldo | Sueldo | Salary | Sahod |
Tableta | Tableta | Tablet | |
Tangke | Tanque | Tank | |
Tarheta | Tarjeta | Card | |
Tasa | Taza | Mug, Cup | |
Teklado | Teclado | Keyboard | Tipaan (usu. for computers) |
Tela | Tela | Cloth, Fabric | |
Telebisyón | Televisión | Television | |
Telepono | Teléfono | Telephone | |
Tiya | Tía | Aunt | |
Tiyo | Tío | Uncle | |
Tsino | Chino | Chinese | Intsík (mildly derogatory), Tsekwa (Filipino slang) |
Tsinelas | Chinelas | Slippers, flip-flops (contrast with bakya which refers to wooden clogs) | |
Tisa | Tiza | Chalk | |
Tsismis | Chismes | Gossip | Satsát (also 'chatter') |
Tumbaga | Tumbaga | Gold-copper alloy | |
Unibersidad | Universidad | University | Pamantasan |
Welga | Huelga | Industrial strike | |
Yelo | Hielo | Ice | |
Yodo | Yodo | Iodine (I) |
Note that the first syllable of loanwords from Spanish that start with /aw/ are also sometimes pronounced and spelled /o/ (e.g. 'otonomiya' rather than 'awtonomiya') due to the predominance of pronunciation of loanwords from English.
Latin[edit]
Tagalog | Spanish | Latin | Meaning | Native equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agila | Águila | Aquila | Eagle | Banoy |
Ahensiya | Agéncia | Agēns | Agency | Sangáy, Sukursal |
Ambisyoso | Ambicioso | Ambitiose | Ambitious | Mapaghangád, Mapangarap |
Andar | Andar | Ambiō | To turn on or to start an engine (usually of the car) | |
Arina | Harina | Farīna | Flour | |
Arko | Arco | Arcus | Arch | Balantók |
Armás | Armas | Arma | Arms (Weapon) | Sandata |
Asno | Asno | Asinus | Donkey | |
Baka | Vaca | Vacca | Cow | |
Bakasyón | Vacación | Vacatio | Vacation | Magliwaliw (meaning 'to do a leisure trip') |
Barko | Barco | Barca | Ship | Layag |
Basura | Basura | Verrō | Garbage/Trash/Waste | Kalat, Dumi |
Berde | Verde | Viridis | Green | Luntian |
Bulkán | Volcán | Vulcānus | Volcano | |
Diperensiya | Diferencia | Differentia | Difference | Pagkakaibá |
Direktor | Director | Directus | Director | Tagapangasiwa |
Diyós | Dios | Deus | God | Bathalâ (via Sanskrit), Panginoón ('Lord') or Maykapal ('Creator') |
Ebanghelyo | Evangelio | Ēvangelium | Gospel | |
Edad | Edad | Aetate | Age | Gulang |
Edukasyón | Educación | Ēducātiō | Education | Pag-aaral |
Ehersisyo | Ejercicio | Exerceō | Exercise | Galaw, Kilos |
Espanya | España | Hispānia | Spain | |
Estudyante | Estudiante | Studēns | Student | Mag-aarál |
Puwersa | Fuerza | Fortis | Force | Lakás (also translated as 'strength', 'energy', 'vigor', etc.) |
Hustisya | Justicia | Iūstitia | Justice | Katárungan [1] |
Impluwensiya | Influencia | Potentiam | Influence | Lakas, Kapangyarihan |
Impiyerno | Infierno | Infernum | Hell | |
Inutil | Inútil | Inūtilis | Useless, Worthless | |
Kabalyero | Caballero | Caballārius | Knight | |
Kabayo | Caballo | Caballus | Horse | |
Kalbo | Calvo | Calvus | Bald | Upaw, Panot, Walang Buhok |
Kampana | Campana | Campana | Bell | Batingáw (also refers to a gong or any instrument that makes a distinctive sound when stroke) |
Kandila | Candela | Candēla | Candle | |
Karne | Carne | Carō | Meat | Lamán ('flesh') |
Kasál | Casar | Casa | Marry | Pag-iisang-dibdib |
Keso | Queso | Cāseus | Cheese | |
Kutis | Cutis | Cutis | Skin | Balat |
Kuwadrado | Cuadrado | Quadrātus | Square | Parisukat |
Labi | Labio | Labium | Lip | |
Lengguwahe | Lenguaje | Lingua | Language | Wika |
Libro | Libro | Librum | Book | Aklat |
Mansanas | Manzana | Māla | Apple (Malus domestica) | |
Merkado | Mercado | Mercatus | Market/merchant | Pamilihan, palengke |
Mundó | Múndo | Mundus | World | Daigdíg, Sanlibutan |
Multa | Multa | Multa | Fine(monetary sum as a penalty) | |
Museo | Museo | Museum | Museum | Tanghalan |
Negosyo | Negocio | Negōtium | Business | Pangangalakal |
Número | Número | Numerus | Number | Bilang |
Oras | Horas | Hōra | Time, Hour | Panahón ('time') |
Ordinaryo | Ordinario | Ordinarius | Ordinary | Karaniwan |
Ospitál | Hospital | Hospitālis | Hospital | Pagamútan |
Padre | Padre | Pater | Priest | Pari |
Peligro | Peligro | Periculum | Danger | Panganib |
Pistá/Piyesta | Fiesta | Fēstum | Feast | Kaarawán (lit. 'anniversary'; colloquially used mostly for 'birthday' from the longer 'Kaarawán ng kapanganakan'), Pagdiriwang (Celebration) |
Reyna | Reina | Rēgīna | Queen | |
Sabón | Jabón | Sāpō | Soap | |
Sebo | Sebo | Sēbum | Grease, Oil, Fat, Lard, Tallow | Taba |
Selebrasyon | Celebracion | Celebratio | Celebration | Pagdiriwang, Pagdaraos, Diwang |
Sementeryo | Cementerio | Caemeterium | Cemetery | Libingan |
Serbesa | Cerveza | Cervisia | Beer | |
Sereso | Cerezo | Cerasus | Cherry | |
Saserdote | Sacerdote | Sacerdōs | Priest | Pari |
Silya | Silla | Sella | Chair | Upuan (lit. more general 'seat') |
Simbolo | Simbolo | Symbolum | Symbol | Sagisag |
Sinturón | Cinturón | Cingulum | Belt | |
Siyensiya | Ciencia | Scientia | Science | Aghám (via Sanskrit 'Agama') |
Suwerte | Suerte | Sors | Good fortune, good luck | Mapalad |
Transportasyón | Transportación | Comportatio | Transportation | Sasakyan |
Triyanggulo | Triángulo | Triangulum | Triangle | Tilasitha; Tatsulok |
Trigo | Trigo | Trīticum | Wheat | |
Ubas | Uvas | Uva | Grapes | |
Unibersidad | Universidad | Ūniversitās | University | Pamantasan |
Yero | Hierro | Ferrum | Iron (the element or material) | Bakal |
Greek[edit]
Tagalog | Spanish | Greek symbol | Greek equivalent | Meaning | Native equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angkla | Ancla | ἄγκυρα | Ánkura | Anchor | Sinipete |
Anghel | Ángel | Αγγελος | Ángelos | Angel/Messenger | Anghel/Sugo |
Balyena | Ballena | φάλλαινα | Phállaina | Whale | Tandayag |
Bibliya | Biblia | βίβλος | Bíblos | Bible | Banal na Kasulatan |
Bibliyoteka | Biblioteca | βιβλιοθήκη | bibilotheka | Library | Aklatan |
Biyolohiya | Biología | βίος and λογία | bíos and logía | Biology | |
Bodega | Bodega | ἀποθήκη | apothḗkē | Storehouse | Kamalig, Pintungan |
Katoliko | Católico | καθολικός | Katholikós | Catholic ('Universal/General') | |
Kristo | Cristo | Χριστός | Khristós | Christ ('The Anointed One'/ 'The Messiah') | |
Kristiyano | Cristiano | Χριστιανός | Khristianós | Christian | |
Eksena | Escena | σκηνή | Skēnḗ | Scene | Tagpô |
Eskuwela | Escuela | σχολεῖον | Skholeîon | School | Páaralán |
Obispo | Obispo | επίσκοπος | Epískopos | Bishop | |
Makina | Máquina | μηχανή | Makhina | Machine, Pulley | |
Parokya | Parroquia | παροικία | Paroikía | Community | |
Selos | Celos | Ζῆλος | Zêlos | Jealousy | Paninibugho, inggit |
Teknolohiya | Tecnología | τεχνολογία | tekhnología | Technology |
Hebrew[edit]
Tagalog | Spanish | Hebrew symbol | Hebrew equivalent | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hesus | Jesús | יֵשׁוּעַ | Yēšū́aʿ | Jesus |
Paskó | Pascua | פסח | Pesakh | Christmas |
Loanwords that underwent semantic shift[edit]
Upon adoption into Tagalog, a number of Spanish-derived terms underwent a process of semantic shift or change in meaning. A loanword is said to have undergone a semantic shift if its meaning in Tagalog deviates from the original meaning of the word in the source language (in this case, Spanish). A type of semantic shift is the so-called semantic narrowing, which is a linguistic phenomenon in which the meaning of a Spanish-derived word acquires a less general or inclusive meaning upon adoption into Tagalog. Semantic narrowing occurs when a word undergoes specialization of usage. For example, the word kuryente (meaning 'electricity' or 'electric current') comes from the Spanish word corriente, which is a general term to refer to any current, whether electric or not. Upon adoption of the word corriente into Tagalog as kuryente, it underwent a semantic narrowing and its usage became restricted to refer only to an electric current, unlike its Spanish counterpart. Another example of a semantic narrowing is the Tagalog word ruweda (meaning 'Ferris wheel'), a term derived from the Spanish word rueda which refers to any kind of wheel. Upon adoption into Tagalog, ruweda underwent usage specialization and its meaning became restricted to the Ferris wheel.
Semantic shift may also occur through semantic interference by another language, usually the English language. This phenomenon can result into reinterpretation of a Spanish-derived term by attributing to it an English meaning upon assimilation into Tagalog. An example is the Tagalog word libre, which is derived from the Spanish translation of the English word free, although used in Tagalog with the meaning of 'without cost or payment' or 'free of charge', a usage which would be deemed incorrect in Spanish as the term gratis would be more fitting. Another example is the Tagalog word iskiyerda, derived from the Spanish term izquierda meaning 'left' as opposed to 'right', although used in Tagalog with the meaning of 'to leave'.
Here is the list of Spanish-derived words which underwent semantic shift upon assimilation into Tagalog:
Tagalog | Spanish-derived word | Meaning in Tagalog | Spanish equivalent |
---|---|---|---|
Alahero | Alhajero (meaning 'jewel case') | Jeweller; jewel-maker | Joyero |
Algodon | Algodon (meaning 'cotton') | False trevally (Lactarius lactarius)[14] | Pagapa; pez blanco |
Almohadilya[15] | Almohadilla (meaning 'cushion' or 'small pillow') | Mouse pad | Alfombrilla para el ratón o mouse |
Almusal | Almorzar (meaning 'to have lunch') | Breakfast | Desayuno |
Asar | Asar (meaning 'to roast') | To annoy | Molestar |
Baho | Vaho (meaning 'whiff', 'steam' or 'vapor') | Foul odor | Hedor; mal olor |
Bahura | Bajura (meaning 'coastal' or 'shallow-water') | Coral reef | Arrecife coralina |
Barkada | Barcada (meaning 'boat load' or 'boat trip') | Group of friends; clique | Pandilla de amigos o camaradas |
Bida | Vida (meaning 'life') | Protagonist | Protagonista |
Biskotso | Bizcocho (meaning 'sponge cake') | Toasted bread | Pan tostado |
Bulsa | Bolsa (meaning 'bag') | Pocket in garments | Bolsillo |
Dehado | Dejado (meaning 'left behind' or 'careless') | Underdog; at a disadvantage | Desfavorecido; desaventajado |
Delikado | Delicado (meaning 'delicate') | Dangerous | Peligroso |
Dilihensiya | Diligencia (meaning 'diligence' or 'errand') | To ask for a loan or debt; to borrow money | Pedir un préstamo |
Disgrasya | Desgracia (meaning 'misfortune') | Accident | Accidente |
Diskarte | Descarte (meaning 'discard') | Resourcefulness | Ingeniosidad; capacidad de improvisación |
Gisado | Guisado (meaning 'stew') | Sauteed | Salteado |
Harana | Jarana (meaning 'commotion', 'partying' or 'revelry') | Serenade | Serenata |
Hepe | Jefe (meaning 'chief' or 'boss') | Police chief | Comisario; jefe de policía |
Impakto | Impacto (meaning 'impact' or 'shock') | Evil spirit | Espíritu maligno |
Inutil | Inútil (meaning 'useless') | Sexually impotent | Sexualmente impotente |
Iskiyerda | Izquierda (meaning 'left') | To leave | Irse de; abandonar |
Kabayo | Caballo (meaning 'horse') | Ironing board | Tabla de planchar |
Kabisera | Cabecera (meaning 'head', 'heading' or 'headboard') | Capital city | Capital; ciudad cabecera |
Kakawate | Cacahuate (meaning 'peanut') | Gliricidia sepium | Madre de cacao |
Kasilyas | Casillas (meaning 'cubicles') | Toilet; restroom | Baño |
Konyo | Coño (vulgar and offensive word) | Socialite; belonging to the upper-class | De clase alta |
Kubeta | Cubeta (meaning 'bucket') | Toilet; restroom | Baño |
Kulebra | Culebra (meaning 'snake') | Shingles | Culebrilla; herpes zóster |
Kursonada | Corazonada (meaning 'hunch') | Object of interest or desire | Deseo del corazón |
Kuryente | Corriente (meaning 'current') | Electricity; electric current | Electricidad; corriente eléctrica |
Labakara | Lavacara (meaning 'washbasin') | Face towel | Toalla de tocador |
Lakwatsa | Cuacha (meaning 'excrement') | Truancy; out loafing; out roaming | Vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos |
Lamyerda | Mierda (meaning 'excrement') | Truancy; out loafing; out roaming | Vaguear; holgazanear; hacer novillos |
Libre | Libre (meaning 'free') | Without cost or payment | Gratis |
Liyamado | Llamado (meaning 'called', 'named' or 'destined') | Favorite (as in betting, races, etc.); at an advantage | Favorecido |
Mantika | Manteca (meaning 'lard' or 'butter') | Cooking oil | Aceite |
Muta | Mota (meaning 'speck' or 'dirt') | Eye dirt; eye discharge | Legaña |
Palengke | Palenque (meaning 'stockade' or 'palisade') | Market | Mercado |
Palitada | Paletada (meaning 'shovelful' or 'trowelful') | Plaster | Yeso |
Papagayo | Papagayo (meaning 'parrot') | Kite | Cometa |
Parada | Parada (meaning 'stop') | Parade | Desfile |
Parol | Farol (meaning 'lantern', 'lamp' or 'streetlight') | Christmas lantern (see Parol) | Estrella navideña |
Parolero | Farolero (meaning 'lamplighter') | Christmas lantern maker | Artesano de estrellas navideñas |
Pasamano | Pasamano (meaning 'handrail') | Window sill | Alféizar, repisa de la ventana |
Pitso | Pecho (meaning 'chest' or 'bosom') | Chicken breast | Pechuga de pollo |
Postiso | Postizo (meaning 'false' or 'detachable') | Denture; false teeth | Prótesis dental; dentadura postiza |
Putahe | Potaje (meaning 'vegetable stew or soup') | Dish; course | Plato |
Rebentador | Reventador (meaning 'agitator') | Firecracker | Petardo |
Rekado | Recado (meaning 'message' or 'errand') | Spices; condiments | Especia; condimiento |
Ruweda | Rueda (meaning 'wheel') | Ferris wheel[16] | Rueda de la fortuna |
Sentido | Sentido (meaning 'sense' or 'meaning') | Temple (anatomy) | Templo; sien |
Siguro | Seguro (meaning 'surely') | Maybe; perhaps; probably | Quizás; probablemente |
Silindro | Cilindro (meaning 'cylinder') | Harmonica | Armónica |
Sintas | Cintas (meaning 'ribbon', 'tape' or 'belt') | Shoelace | Cordón de zapato; cintas para zapatos |
Siyempre | Siempre (meaning 'always') | Of course | Por supuesto |
Suplado | Soplado (meaning 'blown' or 'inflated') | Snobbish; haughty | Presuntuoso, arrogante |
Suporta | Soportar (meaning 'to withstand' or 'to bear') | Support | Apoyo |
Sustansiya | Sustancia (meaning 'substance') | Nutrient | Sustancia nutritiva; nutriente |
Tirada | Tirada (meaning 'throw' or 'print run') | Tirade; speech of violent denunciation | Diatriba |
Todas | Todas (meaning 'all') | Completely killed or exterminated | Matar |
Todo | Todo (meaning 'all', 'entire', 'each', 'every', etc.) | All-out; fully; maximum | Al máximo |
Tosino | Tocino (meaning 'bacon') | Sweet cured meat | Carne curada endulzada |
Tsamporado | Champurrado (meaning 'chocolate-based atole') | Sweet chocolate rice porridge | Arroz al chocolate |
Tsika | Chica (meaning 'girl') | Gossip | Chisme |
Turon | Turrón (meaning 'nougat') | Fried banana roll | Rollo de platano frito |
Tuwalya | Toalla (meaning 'towel') | Tripe | Mondongo; tripa; callos |
Tagalog words derived from pluralized Spanish nouns[edit]
Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker mga before the word[17]. For example, the word butones (meaning button used in clothing, from Sp. botones) is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is mga butones.
Tagalog Word | Spanish-Derived Word | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|
Alahas | Alhaja (plural form: alhajas) | Jewel; Jewelry | Jewel; Jewelry |
Alkatsopas | Alcachofa (plural form: alcachofas) | Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) | Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) |
Aratiles | Dátil (plural form: dátiles) | Date (Phoenix dactilyfera) | Calabur or Panama cherry (Muntingia calabura) |
Armas | Arma (plural form: armas) | Weapon; Arm | Weapon; Arm |
Balbas | Barba (plural form: barbas) | Beard (facial hair) | Beard (facial hair) |
Banyos | Baño (plural form: baños) | Bath; Bathroom | Sponge bath |
Bayabas | Guayaba (plural form: guayabas) | Guava (Psidium guajava) | Guava (Psidium guajava) |
Beses | Vez (plural form: veces) | Time (repetition) | Time (repetition) |
Boses | Voz (plural form: voces) | Voice | Voice |
Butones (var. bitones) | Botón (plural form: botones) | Button (clothing) | Button (clothing) |
Datos | Dato (plural form: datos) | Fact; Detail; Piece of Information; Data | Datum/Data |
Garbansos | Garbanzo (plural form: garbanzos | Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) | Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) |
Gastos | Gasto (plural form: gastos) | Cost; Expense; Spending | Cost; Expense; Spending |
Gisantes | Guisante (plural form: guisantes) | Pea (Pisum sativum) | Pea (Pisum sativum) |
Guwantes | Guante (plural form: guantes) | Glove | Glove |
Kalatas[18] | Carta (plural form: cartas) | Letter; Chart; Charter | Paper; White Paper; Letter; Written Message |
Kamatis | Tomate (plural form: tomates) | Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) | Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) |
Kasilyas | Casilla (plural form: casillas) | Cubicle; Booth | Toilet |
Kastanyas | Castaña (plural form: castañas) | Chestnut (Castanea spp.) | Chestnut (Castanea spp.) |
Kostilyas | Costilla (plural form: costillas) | Rib | Rib |
Kubyertos | Cubierto (plural form: cubiertos) | Cutlery; silverware | Cutlery; silverware |
Kuwerdas | Cuerda (plural form: cuerdas) | Rope; string; chord | String of a musical instrument |
Kuwintas | Cuenta (plural form: cuentas) | Jewelry bead | Necklace |
Kuwitis | Cohete (plural form: cohetes) | Rocket | Fireworks |
Labanos | Rabano (plural form: rabanos) | Radish (Raphanus sativus) | Radish (Raphanus sativus) |
Lansones | Lanzón[19] (plural form: lanzones) | Phil. Sp. term for Lansium domesticum | Langsat or lanzones (Lansium domesticum) |
Letsugas | Lechuga (plural form: lechugas) | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) |
Manggas | Manga (plural form: mangas) | Sleeve (clothing) | Sleeve (clothing) |
Mansanas | Manzana (plural form: manzanas) | Apple (Malus domestica) | Apple (Malus domestica) |
Materyales | Material (plural form: materiales) | Material | Material |
Medyas | Media (plural form: medias) | Sock | Sock |
Opisyales | Oficial (plural form: oficiales) | Officer | Officer |
Oras | Hora (plural form: horas) | Hour (unit of time) | Hour (unit of time); Time |
Panderetas | Pandereta (plural form: panderetas) | Tambourine | Tambourine |
Palanas[18] | Plana (plural form: planas) | Plain (geography) | Flat area along a river |
Papeles | Papel (plural form: papeles) | Paper | Document |
Patatas | Patata (plural form: patatas) | Potato (Solanum tuberosum) | Potato (Solanum tuberosum) |
Pares | Par (plural form: pares) | Pair | Pair; Similar |
Pasas | Pasa (plural form: pasas) | Raisin | Raisin |
Pastilyas | Pastilla (plural form: pastillas) | Pill; Tablet; Candy | Sweet milk candy (see Pastillas) |
Peras | Pera (plural form: peras) | Pear (Pyrus spp.) | Pear (Pyrus spp.) |
Perlas | Perla (plural form: perlas) | Pearl | Pearl |
Pilduras | Pildora (plural form: pildoras) | Pill; Tablet | Medicinal pill |
Pohas | Foja (plural form: fojas) | Sheet | Sheet |
Posas | Esposa (plural form: esposas) | Handcuffs | Handcuffs |
Presas | Presa (plural form: presas) | Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) | Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) |
Prutas | Fruta (plural form: frutas) | Fruit | Fruit |
Pulbos | Polvo (plural form: polvos) | Dust; powder | Powder |
Pulseras | Pulsera (plural form: pulseras) | Bracelet | Bracelet |
Puntos | Punto (plural form: puntos) | Dot; Period; Point (sports) | Score; Point |
Rehas | Reja (plural form: rejas) | Bar; Railing | Bar; Railing |
Riles | Carril (plural form: carriles) | Lane; Track | Rail; Railroad; Railway |
Rosas | Rosa (plural form: rosas) | Rose (Rosa spp.) | Rose (Rosa spp.); Pink (color) |
Salas | Sala (plural form: salas) | Living room | Living room |
Sapatos | Zapato (plural form: zapatos) | Shoe | Shoe |
Sardinas | Sardina (plural form: sardinas) | Sardine (Clupeidae) | Sardine (Clupeidae) |
Senyales | Señal (plural form: señales) | Sign; Signal | Sign |
Senyas | Seña (plural form: señas) | Sign; Signal | Sign; Signal |
Sibuyas | Cebolla (plural form: cebollas) | Onion (Allium cepa) | Onion (Allium cepa) |
Sigarilyas | Seguidilla[20] (plural form: seguidillas) | Phil. Sp. term for Psophocarpus tetragonolobus | Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) |
Silahis | Celaje (plural form: celajes) | Cloudscape; Skylight (architecture) | Sunray; Bisexual person[21] (slang) |
Singkamas | Jícama (plural form: jícamas) | Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) | Mexican turnip (Pachyrhizus erosus) |
Sintas | Cinta (plural form: cintas) | Ribbon; Tape; Lace | Shoelace |
Sintomas | Síntoma (plural form: síntomas) | Symptom | Symptom |
Sopas | Sopa (plural form: sopas) | Soup | Soup |
Sorbetes | Sorbete (plural form: sorbetes) | Sorbet | Ice cream |
Tsinelas | Chinela (plural form: chinelas) | Slipper; flip-flop | Slipper; Flip-flop |
Tsismis | Chisme (plural form: chismes) | Gossip | Gossip |
Ubas | Uva (plural form: uvas) | Grape (Vitis spp.) | Grape (Vitis spp.) |
Uhales | Ojal (plural form: ojales) | Buttonhole | Buttonhole |
Uhas | Hoja (plural form: hojas) | Leaf | Sheet metal |
Tagalog words derived from Spanish verbs[edit]
Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog intindi (to understand) derived from the Spanish verb entender[22]. This feature is also found in Chavacano verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish (Chavacano or a pidgin) was the origin of these Tagalog words[23]. A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.
Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: almusal (to have breakfast, from Sp. almorzar), dasal (from Sp. rezar), kasal (from Sp. casar), kumpisal (from Sp. confesar), minindal (from Sp. merendar), pasyal (from Sp. pasear) and sugal (from Sp. jugar). In some cases, the final /r/ remains unaltered in the Tagalog form like in the case of andar (to set in action or motion; from Sp. andar), asar (to annoy or to verbally irritate; from Sp. asar) and pundar (to establish or to save money for something; from Sp. fundar).
Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: kúha (from Sp. coger), pára (from Sp. parar), pása (from Sp. pasar), puwede (from Sp. poder), tíra (from Sp. tirar) and sige (from Sp. seguir). Imbiyerna (meaning to annoy or to irritate someone) is derived from the Spanish verb infernar (meaning to irritate or to provoke) and was allegedly coined by Ricardo 'Rikki' Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes[24]. In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: asikaso (from the combination of Sp. hacer and Sp. caso), balewala or baliwala (from the combination of Sp. valer and Tag. wala), etsapwera (from the combination of Sp. echar and Sp. fuera) and kumusta (from the combination of Sp. cómo and Sp. estar).
Tagalog Verb | Spanish Verb | Meaning in Spanish | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|
Akusá | Acusar | To accuse | To accuse |
Alsá | Alzar | To lift; to raise; to erect | To rise in rebellion |
Analisá | Analizar | To analyze | To analyze |
Apelá | Apelar | To appeal | To appeal |
Aprobá | Aprobar | To approve | To approve |
Apurá | Apurar | To finish; to rush (Lat. Am.) | To hurry |
Alkilá (var. arkilá) | Alquilar | To rent; to rent out | To rent; to rent out |
Asintá | Asentar | To set up; to secure; to lay down | To aim at |
Aturgá | Otorgar | To grant; to bestow; to confer | To take on responsibility |
Awtorisá | Autorizar | To authorize | To authorize |
Bará | Barrar | To cover in mud | To block; to clog |
Batí | Batir | To beat; to whisk; to whip | To beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate (vulgar) |
Beripiká | Verificar | To verify | To verify |
Bulkanisá | Vulcanizar | To vulcanize | To vulcanize |
Burá | Borrar | To erase | To erase |
Burdá | Bordar | To embroider | To embroider |
Deklará | Declarar | To declare | To declare |
Determiná | Determinar | To determine | To determine |
Diktá | Dictar | To dictate | To dictate |
Dimití | Dimitir | To resign | To resign |
Dirihí | Dirigir | To manage; to be in charge of | To manage; to be in charge of |
Disaprobá | Disaprobar | To disapprove | To disapprove |
Disarmá | Desarmar | To disarm | To disarm |
Disimpektá | Desinfectar | To disinfect | To disinfect |
Disimulá | Disimular | To conceal; to cover up | To conceal; to cover up |
Diskargá | Descargar | To unload; to discharge; to download | To unload |
Diskitá | Desquitar | To make up for | To take it out on |
Diskubrí | Descubrir | To discover | To discover |
Dismayá | Desmayar | To become disheartened; to become demoralized | To become disheartened; to become demoralized |
Distrungká | Destroncar | To hack away | To forcefully open a door, a lock, etc. |
Galbanisá | Galvanizar | To galvanize | To galvanize |
Gisá | Guisar | To stew | To stir fry in oil, usually with garlic and onions |
Hulmá | Ahormar | To shape; to mould | To shape; to mould |
Husgá | Juzgar | To judge | To judge |
Imbestigá | Investigar | To investigate | To investigate |
Imbitá | Invitar | To invite | To invite |
Intindí | Entender | To understand | To understand |
Itsá | Echar | To throw | To throw |
Kalkulá | Calcular | To calculate | To calculate |
Kanselá | Cancelar | To cancel | To cancel |
Kantá | Cantar | To sing | To sing |
Kargá | Cargar | To load; to charge; to fill | To load; to charge; to fill |
Kodipiká | Codificar | To codify; to encode | To codify; to encode |
Kondená | Condenar | To condemn | To condemn |
Konserbá | Conservar | To conserve | To conserve |
Konsiderá | Considerar | To consider | To consider |
Kublí | Cubrir | To cover; to cover up | To hide from sight |
Kubrá | Cobrar | To demand or to receive payment | To demand or to receive payment |
Kulá | Colar | To strain; to bleach | To bleach |
Kultí | Curtir | To tan | To treat leather or other materials with tanning agents (e.g. tannin) |
Kumbidá | Convidar | To invite | To invite |
Kumbinsí | Convencir | To convince | To convince |
Kumpará | Comparar | To compare | To compare |
Kumpirmá | Confirmar | To confirm | To confirm |
Kumpiská | Confiscar | To confiscate; to seize | To confiscate; to seize |
Kumpuní (var. komponé) | Componer | To make up; to compose; to repair | To repair |
Kusí | Cocer | To cook | To cook |
Labá | Lavar | To wash | To wash |
Legalisá | Legalizar | To legalize | To legalize |
Liberalisá | Liberalizar | To liberalize | To liberalize |
Manipulá | Manipular | To manipulate | To manipulate |
Marká | Marcar | To mark | To mark |
Nominá | Nominar | To nominate | To nominate |
Obligá | Obligar | To force; to oblige | To force; to oblige |
Obserbá | Observar | To observe | To observe |
Operá | Operar | To operate | To surgically operate |
Palsipiká | Falsificar | To falsify | To falsify |
Palyá | Fallar | To fail; to break down and stop working | To fail; to break down and stop working |
Paralisá | Paralizar | To paralyze | To paralyze |
Pasá | Pasar | To pass; to happen; to go through | To pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc. |
Pasmá[25] | Pasmar | To amaze; to astonish; to chill to the bone | Pasma (folk illness) and, by extension, to have pasma |
Pintá | Pintar | To paint | To paint |
Pirmá | Firmar | To sign | To sign |
Pormalisá | Formalizar | To formalize | To formalize |
Prepará | Preparar | To prepare | To prepare |
Preserbá | Preservar | To preserve | To preserve |
Proklamá | Proclamar | To proclaim | To proclaim |
Pundí | Fundir | To melt; to merge | To burn out |
Puntá | Apuntar | To aim; to point out; to write down | To go to |
Purgá | Purgar | To purge | To cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative |
Pursigí | Perseguir | To pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute | To persevere |
Pustá | Apostar | To bet; to wager | To bet; to wager |
Ratipiká | Ratificar | To ratify | To ratify |
Reboká | Revocar | To revoke | To revoke |
Rekomendá | Recomendar | To recommend | To recommend |
Repiná | Refinar | To refine | To refine |
Sangkutsá | Sancochar or Salcochar | To boil with water and salt | To pre-cook food with spices and aromatics |
Salbá | Salvar | To save | To save |
Sará | Cerrar | To close | To close |
Silbí | Servir | To serve | To serve |
Sindí | Encender | To ignite; to turn on; to switch on | To ignite; to turn on; to switch on |
Suldá | Soldar | To solder; to weld | To solder; to weld |
Sulsí | Zurcir | To sew; to mend | To sew; to mend |
Sumité | Someter | To subdue; to subjugate; to submit | To submit; to put forward |
Suspendé | Suspendir | To suspend | To suspend |
Tahî | Tejer | To sew; to mend | To sew; to mend |
Tantiyá | Tantear | To feel; to weigh up; to estimate | To estimate |
Tarantá | Atarantar | To stun; to daze; to stupify | To confuse; to baffle; to bewilder |
Tasá | Tajar | To chop; to cut; to slice | To sharpen |
Timplá | Templar | To cool down; to moderate | To blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc. |
Tumbá | Tumbar | To knock down | To knock down |
Tustá | Tostar | To toast | To toast |
Umpisá | Empezar | To begin; to start | To begin; to start |
Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms[edit]
Some Tagalog compound terms are actually formed through a combination of a native Tagalog term and an etymologically Spanish term, like in the case of the idiomatic expression balat-sibuyas (a term referring to a person's easiness to be offended), which is a combination of the Tagalog balat and Spanish cebolla. The linguist Ekaterina Baklanova distinguishes at least two types of Spanish-Tagalog compound terms: hybrid loanwords[26] or mixed-borrowings[27] are partially translated Spanish terms which are adopted into Tagalog, e.g.karnerong-dagat (derived from the Spanish term carnero marino, meaning 'seal') and anemonang-dagat (derived from the Spanish term anémona de mar, meaning 'sea anemone'), while hybrid neologisms[28][29] are new terms invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated Spanish-derived material, e.g.pader-ilog, meaning 'embankment', derived from the combination of the Tagalog word ilog (meaning 'river') and Spanish word pared (meaning 'wall' and adopted in Tagalog as the word pader).
Below is the list of some Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms. Because of the lack of standardization, some of the compound terms listed below are written differently (i.e. without the hyphen) in other Tagalog-based literature. For example, while the term sirang-plaka is usually encountered in many Tagalog-based works without the hyphen, there are also some instances of the term being written with the hyphen like in the case of one of the books written by the Chairman of the Commission on the Filipino LanguageVirgilio Almario, entitled Filipino ng mga Filipino: mga problema sa ispeling, retorika, at pagpapayaman ng wikang pambansa. Another example is the term takdang-oras, which can also be encountered in the literature without the hyphen. As a rule, a hybrid compound term below will be hyphenated if it has at least one instance of it being written with the hyphen in Tagalog-based literary works.
Compound term | Root words | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Agaw-eksena | agaw (from Tagalog, meaning to snatch) + eksena (from Sp. escena) | Scene-stealer |
Alsa-balutan | alsa (from Sp. alzar) + balutan (from Tagalog, meaning package) | To pack up; to change residence |
Amoy-tsiko | amoy (from Tagalog, meaning smell) + tsiko (from Sp. chicozapote) | Drunk; intoxicated |
Anemonang-dagat | anemona (from Sp. anémona) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) | Sea anemone |
Bágong-salta | bago (from Tagalog, meaning new + salta (from Sp. saltar) | Newcomer |
Balat-sibuyas | balat (from Tagalog, meaning skin) + sibuyas (from Sp. cebollas) | A person who is easily offended |
Balik-eskwela | balik (from Tagalog, meaning return) + eskwela (from Sp. escuela) | Back-to-school |
Bantay-sarado | bantay (from Tagalog, meaning to guard) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado) | Well-guarded; closely guarded |
Bigay-todo | bigay (from Tagalog, meaning to give) + todo (from Sp. todo) | Giving one's all |
Boses-ipis | boses (from Sp. voces) + ipis (from Tagalog, meaning cockroach) | Inaudible voice |
Boses-palaka | boses (from Sp. voces) + palaka (from Tagalog, meaning frog) | Croaky voice |
Bugbog-sarado | bugbog (from Tagalog, meaning to beat up) + sarado (from Sp. cerrado) | Heavily beaten |
Bulak-niyebe | bulak (from Tagalog, meaning cotton) + niyebe (from Sp. nieve) | Snowflake |
Dilang-anghel | dila (from Tagalog, meaning tongue) + anghel (from Sp. angel) | Having the gift of prophecy |
Dilang-baka | dila (from Tagalog, meaning tongue) + baka (from Sp. vaca) | Opuntia cochenillifera |
Doble-ingat | doble (from Sp. doble) + ingat (from Tagalog, meaning to be cautious) | To take extra precautions |
Doble-talim | doble (from Sp. doble) + talim (from Tagalog, meaning sharpness) | Double-edged |
Epikong-bayan | epiko (from Sp. poema épico) + bayan (from Tagalog, meaning country) | Folk epic |
Esponghang-dagat | espongha (from. Sp. esponja) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) | Sea sponge |
Giyera-patani | giyera (from Sp. guerra) + patani (from Tagalog term for Phaseolus lunatus) | Heated verbal exchange |
Hating-globo | hati (from Tagalog, meaning half) + globo (from Sp. globo) | Hemisphere |
Hiram-kantores | hiram (from Tagalog, meaning to borrow) + kantores (from Sp. cantores) | Non-returnable |
Kabayong-dagat | kabayo (from Sp. cavallo) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) | Seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) |
Karnerong-dagat | karnero (from Sp. carnero) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) | Seal |
Kayod-marino | kayod (from Tagalog, meaning to grate) + marino (from Sp. marino) | Hard worker |
Kilos-protesta | kilos (from Tagalog, meaning movement) + protesta (from Sp. protesta) | Demonstration; street protest |
Kuwentong-bayan | kwento (from Sp. cuento) + bayan (from Tagalog, meaning country) | Folk stories |
Lakad-pato | lakad (from Tagalog, meaning walk) + pato (from Sp. pato) | Waddle |
Leong-dagat | leon (from Sp. león) + dagat (from Tagalog, meaning sea) | Sea lion |
Mukhang-pera | mukha (from Tagalog, meaning face) + pera (from Sp. perra gorda or perra chica) | Profit-oriented; easily corruptible through bribes |
Pader-ilog | pader (from Sp. pared) + ilog (from Tagalog, meaning river) | Embankment |
Pampalipas-oras | lipas (from Tagalog, meaning to pass) + oras (from Sp. horas) | Pastime; hobby |
Panday-yero | panday (from Tagalog, meaning smith) + yero (from Sp. hierro) | Ironsmith |
Patay-malisya | patay (from Tagalog, meaning dead) + malisya (from Sp. malicia) | Feigning innocence; pretending not to know that something is amiss |
Pusòng-mamon | puso (from Tagalog, meaning heart) + mamon (from Sp. mamón) | Soft-hearted; kind and compassionate |
Sanib-puwersa | sanib (from Tagalog, meaning to join together) + puwersa (from Sp. fuerza) | To join forces |
Siling-haba | sili (from Sp. chile) + haba (from Tagalong, meaning length) | Capsicum annuum var. longum |
Siling-labuyo | sili (from Sp. chile) + labuyo (from Tagalog, meaning wild chicken) | Capsicum frutescens |
Singsing-pari | singsing (from Tagalog, meaning ring) + pari (meaning priest, from Sp. padre) | Millipede |
Sirang-plaka | sira (from Tagalog, meaning broken) + plaka (from Sp. placa) | Someone or something that annoyingly repeats itself |
Sulat-makinilya | sulat (from Tagalog, meaning script/writing) + makinilya (from Sp. maquinilla) | Typewritten |
Taas-presyo | taas (from Tagalog, meaning high) + presyo (from Sp. precio) | Price increase |
Tabing-kalsada | tabi (from Tagalog, meaning side) + kalsada (from Sp. calzada) | Roadside |
Tabing-kalye | tabi (from Tagalog, meaning side) + kalye (from Sp. calle) | Roadside |
Takaw-aksidente | takaw (from Tagalog, meaning greedy) + aksidente (from Sp. accidente) | Accident-prone |
Takaw-disgrasya | takaw (from Tagalog, meaning greedy) + disgrasya (from Sp. desgracia) | Accident-prone |
Takdang-oras | takda (from Tagalog, meaning to set/to assign) + oras (from Sp. horas) | Fixed or appointed time |
Takdang-petsa | takda (from Tagalog, meaning to set/to assign) + petsa (from Sp. fecha) | Due date; Deadline |
Tanim-bala | tanim (from Tagalog, meaning to plant) + bala (from Sp. bala) | Planting evidence of illegal bullet possession |
Tanim-droga | tanim (from Tagalog, meaning to plant) + droga (from Sp. droga) | Planting evidence of illegal drug possession |
Táong-grasa | tao (from Tagalog, meaning human) + grasa (from Sp. grasa) | Homeless man or woman |
Tubig-gripo | tubig (from Tagalog, meaning water) + gripo (from Sp. grifo) | Tap water |
Tulak-droga | tulak (from Tagalog, meaning to push) + droga (from Sp. droga) | Drug pusher |
Túlog-mantika | tulog (from Tagalog, meaning sleep) + mantika (from Sp. manteca) | Someone or something that doesn't wake up easily |
Tunog-lata | tunog (from Tagalog, meaning soundor tune) + lata (from Sp. lata) | Tinny; sounding like tin |
English[edit]
English has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. This kind of conversation is called Taglish. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but English words are also used for short usage (many Tagalog words translated from English are very long) or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:
Tagalog | English | Traditional Word(s) |
---|---|---|
Adik | Drug addict | Durugista |
Adyenda | Agenda | |
Bag | Bag | Supot |
Bakwit | Evacuate | Lumikas |
Barbikyu | Barbecue | |
Basketbol | Basketball | |
Beysbol | Baseball | |
Bilyar | Billiard | |
Biskuwit | Biscuit | |
Bistek | Beef steak | |
Bodabíl | Vaudeville | |
Boksing | Boxing | |
Bolpen | Ballpoint pen | |
Drayber | Driver | Tsuper |
Dyaket | Jacket | |
Dyakpat | Jackpot | |
Dyip/Dyipni | Jeep/Jeepney | |
Gadyet | Gadget | |
Gradweyt | Graduate | Nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral; gradwado |
Hayskul | High school | Paaralang sekundarya |
Helikopter | Helicopter | |
Interbyu | Interview | Panayam, Entrebista |
Internet | Internet | |
Iskedyul | Schedule | Talaorasan |
Iskolar | Scholar | |
Iskor | Score | Puntos (Sp. Punto) |
Iskul | School | Paaralan |
Iskrip | Script | |
Iskrin | Screen | Tábing |
Iskuter | Scooter | |
Iskuwater | Squatter | |
Ispayral | Spiral | Balisungsong |
Ispiker | Speaker (person) | Tagapagsalita, Tagatalumpati, Mananalumpati |
Isponsor | Sponsor | Tagatangkilik |
Isport | Sport | Palaro, Palakasan, Paligsahan (also translates as 'contest' or 'tournament') |
Isprey | Spray | Wisik |
Istandard | Standard | Pamantayan, Panukatan |
Kabinet | Cabinet | Aparador (Sp.) |
Kambas | Canvass | |
Kapirayt | Copyright | Karapatang-sipi |
Karot | Carrot | Asinorya, Asanorya |
Kemikal | Chemical | |
Kendi | Candy | Minatamis (Eng. 'sweets') |
Ketsap | Ketchup | Sarsa |
Keyk | Cake | |
Kompiyuter | Computer | |
Korek | Correct | Ayos, Tama, Tumpak |
Kyut | Cute | Lindo(m) & Linda(f) (Sp.) |
Lider | Leader | Pinuno |
Lobat[30] | Low battery | |
Madyik | Magic | Salamangka |
Magasin | Magazine | |
Miskol[30] | Missed call | |
Miting | Meeting | Pulong |
Nars | Nurse | |
Okey | OK, Okay | Sige |
Plastik | Plastic | |
Pulis | Police | |
Rali | Rally | |
Sandwits | Sandwich | |
Tambay | Stand by | |
Tenis | Tennis | |
Tin-edyer | Teenager | Lalabintaunin |
Titser | Teacher | Guro (Sansk. 'guru'), Maestro(m) & Maestra(f)(Sp.) |
Tisyu | Tissue | |
Traysikel | Tricycle | Trisiklo |
Trey | Tray | |
Wáis | Wise | Mautak, Maabilidad |
Malay[edit]
Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as Old Malay became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD and accounts of Pigafetta at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later.
Tagalog | Etymology | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|
Balaklaot[31] | barat laut (Malay, meaning northwest) | Northwestern winds |
Batubalani[32] | batu (Malay and Tagalog, meaning stone) + berani (Malay, meaning brave) | Magnetite; Magnet stone |
Bibingka[33] | kuih bingka (Malay, referring to tapioca or cassava cake) | Rice cake with coconut milk |
Binibini[34] | bini (Malay, meaning wife) | Miss; Young lady |
Bunso[35] | bongsu (Malay, meaning youngest-born) | Youngest child |
Dalamhati | dalam (Malay, meaning within) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Grief |
Dalubhasa | juru (Malay, meaning expert) + bahasa (Malay, meaning language) | Expert (in general) |
Hatol[36] | atur (Malay, meaning order or arrangement) | Sentence pronounced by a judge in court |
Kanan[37] | kanan (Malay, meaning right) | Right |
Kawal[38] | kawal (Malay, meaning watchman, patrol or guard) | Soldier; Warrior |
Kulambo[39] | kelambu (Malay, meaning mosquito net) | Mosquito net |
Lagari[40] | gergaji (Malay, meaning carpenter's saw) | Carpenter's saw |
Lunggati | lung (Tagalog root word meaning grief[41]) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Eagerness; Ambition |
Luwalhati | luwal (Tagalog, meaning outside) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Inner peace |
Uluhati | ulo (Tagalog, meaning head) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Remembrance; Reminiscence |
Pighati | pedih (Malay, meaning pain) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Affliction; Anguish; Woe |
Pirali[42] | pijar (Malay, meaning borax) | Calcium carbonate |
Salaghati | salag or salak (Tagalog, meaning full and levelled) + hati (Malay, meaning liver) | Displeasure; Resentment |
Takal[43] | takar (Malay, meaning a measure of capacity for oil, etc.) | Measurement by volume of liquids and of grains |
Tanghali[44] | tengah (Malay, meaning half) + hari (Malay, meaning day) | Noon; Midday |
Tiyanak[45] | puntianak (Malay, referring to a vampire, ghost or reanimated body supposed to suck blood) | Vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child |
Usap[46] | ucap (Malay, meaning utterance) | Conversation |
Sanskrit[edit]
As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog are mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese.[47] Examples include:
Tagalog | Sanskrit | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|
Agham | Āgama (आगम), meaning acquisition of knowledge, science | Science |
Antala | Antara (अन्तर), meaning duration, gap | Delay |
Asal | Ācāra (आचार), meaning manner of action, conduct, behavior | Behaviour; Character |
Bahala | Bhara (भार), meaning burden, load, weight, heavy work | To manage; to take care of; to take charge |
Balita | Vārtā (वार्ता), meaning account, report | News |
Bansa | Vaṃśa (वंश), meaning bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race, | Country |
Banyaga | Vaṇijaka (वणिजक), meaning merchant, trader | Foreigner |
Basa | Vaca (वच), meaning voice, speech | To read |
Bathalà | Batthara (भट्टार), meaning noble lord, venerable | Supreme Being; God |
Bihasa | Abhyasa (अभ्यास), meaning habit | Accustomed |
Budhi | Bodhi (बोधि), meaning understanding | Conscience |
Dala | Dhara (धर), meaning bearing, supporting | To carry; to bring |
Dawa[48] | Yava (यव), meaning Hordeum vulgare | Panicum miliaceum |
Daya | Dvaya (द्वय), meaning twofold nature, falsehood | Cheating; Deception |
Diwa | Jīva (जीव), meaning the principle of life, vital breath | Spirit; Soul |
Diwata | Devata (देवता), meaning divinity | Fairy, Goddess, Nymph |
Dukha | Dukkha (दुःख),meaning sorrow, misery, hardship | Poverty |
Dusa | Doṣa (दोष), meaning harm, damage, bad consequence | Suffering |
Dusta | Dūṣita (दूषित), meaning defiled, violated, injured | Ignominiously insulted |
Gadya | Gaja (गज), meaning elephant | Elephant |
Ganda | Gandha (गन्ध), meaning aroma, fragrance | Beauty; beautiful |
Guro | Guru (गुरु), meaning master, teacher | Mentor; Teacher |
Halaga | Argha (अर्घ), meaning value | Price; Value |
Halata | Arthaya (अर्थय), meaning perceive | Noticeable; Perceptible; Obvious |
Haraya | Hridaya (हृदय), meaning heart | Imagination |
Hina | Hīna (हीन), meaning weaker/lower than, abandoned, deficient | Weakness; fragility |
Hiwaga | Vihaga (विहग), meaning bird | Mystery; miracle |
Kasubha | Kusumbha (कुसुम्भ), meaning Carthamus tinctorius | Carthamus tinctorius |
Kastuli | Kastūrī (कस्तूरी), meaning Abelmoschus moschatus | Abelmoschus moschatus |
Katha | Kathā (कथा), meaning a feigned story, fable | Literary composition; Fiction; Invention |
Kalapati; Palapati | Pārāpataḥ (पारापत), meaning pigeon | Pigeon |
Kuba | Kubja (कुब्ज), meaning hunchback | Hunchback |
Kuta | Kota (कोट), meaning fort, stronghold | Fort |
Ladya | Raja (राज), meaning king, chief, sovereign | Raja |
Lagundi | Nirgundi (निर्गुण्डि), meaning Vitex negundo | Vitex negundo |
Laho | Rāhu (राहु), meaning eclipse | Eclipse,; to vanish |
Lasa | Rasa (रस), meaning taste, savour | Taste |
Likha | Lekhā (लेखा), meaning drawing, figure | To create |
Lisa | Likṣā (लिक्षा), meaning egg of a louse | Egg of a louse |
Madla | Mandala (मण्डल), meaning circle, multitude | The general public |
Maharlika | Maharddhika (महर्द्धिक), meaning prosperous | Nobility; Prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen |
Mukha | Mukha (मुख), meaning face | Face |
Mula | Mula (मूल), meaning basis, foundation, origin, beginning | From; since; origin |
Mutya | Mutya (मुत्य), meaning pearl | Amulet; Charm; Jewel; Pearl |
Paksa | Paksha (पक्ष), meaning a point or matter under discussion | Theme; topic; subject |
Palakol | Paraśu (परशु), meaning axe | Axe |
Palibhasa | Paribhasa (परिभाषा), meaning speech, censure, reproof | Irony; Sarcasm; Criticism |
Parusa | Tagalog prefix pa- + dusa, from Sanskrit doṣa (दोष) | Punishment |
Patola | Patola (पटोल), meaning Trichosanthes dioica | Luffa acutangula |
Saksí | Sākṣin (साक्षिन्), meaning eye-witness | Witness |
Sakuna | Zakuna (शकुन), meaning a bird of omen | Disaster |
Salamuha | Samuha (समूह), meaning gathering, crowd | To mingle with people |
Salanta | Randa (रण्ड), meaning maimed, crippled | Infirm |
Salita | Carita (चरित), meaning behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures | To speak; to talk; word |
Samantala | Samantara (समान्तर), meaning parallel | Meanwhile |
Sampalataya | Sampratyaya (सम्प्रत्यय), meaning trust, confidence | Faith |
Sigla | Sīghra (शीघ्र), meaning swift, quick, speedy | Enthusiasm; Vitality |
Suka | Cukra (चुक्र), meaning vinegar | Vinegar |
Sutla | Sūtra (सूत्र), meaning thread, string, wire | Silk |
Tala | Tāra (तार), meaning star | Star |
Tama | Uttama (उत्तम), meaning uppermost, most elevated, best, excellent | Correct |
Tanikala | Sṛṅkhala (शृङ्खल), meaning chain | Chain |
Tingga | Tivra (तीव्र), meaning tin, iron, steel | Tin |
Tsampaka | Campaka (चम्पक), meaning Magnolia champaca | Magnolia champaca |
Upang | Upa (उप), meaning towards, near to | So as to, in order to |
Tamil[edit]
Examples:
Tagalog | Tamil | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Bagay[citation needed] | வகை (Vakai) | Thing |
Kamay[citation needed] | கை (Kai) | Hand |
Mangga[citation needed] | மாங்காய் (Māngāi) | Mango |
Malunggay[citation needed] | முருங்கை (Murungai) | Moringa |
Patungan[citation needed] | பெட்டகம் (Pettagham) | Place to store things |
Pudya[citation needed] | பூஜை (Pūjai) | Pooja |
Puto[citation needed] | பிட்டு (Puttu) | Rice cake |
Sadya[citation needed] | சதி (Sathi) | Intentional |
Arabic and Persian[edit]
There are very few words in Tagalog that are identified as Arabic or Persian in origin. According to Jean-Paul Potet, there are 60 Tagalog words that are identified with reasonable confidence as derived from Arabic or Persian, half of which are probably (roughly 23%) or unquestionably (roughly 26%) borrowed indirectly through Malay[49]. The other half of the identified loanwords are directly derived from Arabic or Persian, like for example the word gumamela (the local Tagalog term for the Hibiscus flowers, derived from Arabic جميلة meaning beautiful). The table below shows the different Arabic loanwords, including the archaic and poetic ones, incorporated into the Tagalog lexicon. If an Arabic loanword is considered to be borrowed through the mediation of Malay, the intermediate Malay term is also specified.
Several Spanish loanwords incorporated into Tagalog have origins in the Arabic language.[50] Examples include alahas (meaning jewel, from Sp. alhaja and ultimately from Arabic حاجة meaning 'necessary or valuable thing'), albayalde (meaning white lead, from Sp. albayalde and ultimately from Arabic بياض meaning 'white' or 'whiteness'), alkansiya (meaning piggy bank, from Sp. alcancía and ultimately from Arabic كنز meaning 'treasure'), alkatsopas (meaning artichoke, from Sp. alcachofa and ultimately from Arabic الخُرْشُوف), almires (meaning small mortar, from Sp. almirez and ultimately from Arabic مهراس), asapran (meaning saffron, from Sp. azafrán and ultimately from Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان), baryo (meaning village, from Sp. barrio and ultimately from Arabic بَرِّي), kapre (a Filipino mythological creature, from Sp. cafre and ultimately from Arabic كَافِر), kisame (meaning ceiling, from Sp. zaquizamí and ultimately from Arabic سقف في السماء meaning 'ceiling in the sky'), etc. The table below does not include these numerous Hispano-Arabic terms as it will only focus on those loanwords which are directly borrowed from Arabic or Persian, or indirectly borrowed through Malay.
Tagalog | Arabic/Persian | Malay intermediate | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|
Agimat | عَزِيمَة (Arabic, meaning amulet, talisman, magic spell) | Azimat (meaning talisman) | Amulet; talisman |
Alak | عرق (Arabic, meaning liquor) | Arak (meaning liquor) | Liquor |
Anakura[51] | ناخوذا (Persian, meaning ship's captain) | Ship's captain | |
Daulat | دولة (Arabic, meaning rotation, turn of fortune) | Daulat (meaning prosperity, happiness) | Luck; fortune; fate |
Gumamela | جميلة (Arabic, meaning beautiful) | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | |
Hukom | حكم (Arabic, meaning judgment) | Hukum (meaning judgment,law) | Judge |
Katan | ختان (Arabic, meaning circumcision) | Circumcised | |
Kupya | كوفية (Arabic, meaning headgear, keffieh) | Kopiah (meaning cap) | Iron helmet or similar headgear |
Malim | معلم (Arabic, meaning teacher) | Malim (meaning maritime pilot) | Maritime pilot |
Mansigit | مسجد (Arabic, meaning mosque) | Temple | |
Paham | فَهْم (Arabic, meaning understanding) | Paham (meaning science, understanding) | A learned person; scholar |
Pangadyi | Tag. pang- + حاجي (Arabic, meaning a pilgrim to Mecca) | Pengajian (meaning recitation, reading) | Muslim prayer; prayer to a Tagalog deity |
Pinggan[52] | ﭙﻨﮔان (Persian, meaning cup, bowl) | Pinggan (meaning dish, plate, saucer) | Dish plate |
Salabat | شربة (Arabic, meaning any non-alcoholic drink) | Ginger tea | |
Salamat[53] | سلامة (Persian, meaning thank you) | Thank you | |
Salapi | صرف (Arabic, meaning to pay, to earn) | Coin; money | |
Salawal[52] | سروال (Persian, meaning bloomers, pantaloons, trousers) | Seluar (meaning breeches, trousers) | Underpants |
Siyak | شيخ (Arabic, meaning elder, master, teacher, sheik) | Siak (meaning a mosque caretaker) | Muslim cleric |
Sumbali | سبحل (Arabic, meaning to say or repeat 'Subhanallah') | Cutting the throat of an animal | |
Sunat | سنة (Arabic, meaning tradition) | Sunat (meaning circumcision) | Excision of the clitoris |
Chinese[edit]
Many of the Chinese loanwords in Tagalog are derived from Hokkien, the Southern Chinese variety spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog[54]. Many of the Hokkien-derived loanwords like pancit[55] entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants (mostly from the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in Southern China[56]) as Manila became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade[57][58]. Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery[59][60]. On the other hand, only few of the Chinese loanwords are derived from Mandarin[54].
Tagalog | Hokkien (H) | Meaning in Hokkien | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|
Angkak | 紅麴/âng-khak (H) | Red yeast rice | Red yeast rice |
Apyan | 鴉片/a-phiàn (H) | Opium | Opium |
Ate | 阿姊/á-chí (H) | Appellation for elder sister | Appellation for elder sister |
Baktaw | 墨斗/ba̍k-táu (H) | Carpenter's ink marker | Carpenter's ink marker |
Bakya | 木屐/ba̍k-kia̍h (H) | Wooden clogs | Wooden clogs |
Bataw | 扁豆/pà-taŭ (H) | Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) | Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) |
Batsoy | 肉水/bà-cuì (H) | Dish with loin of pork as main ingredient | Batchoy |
Bihon | 米粉/bî-hún (H) | Rice vermicelli | Rice vermicelli |
Biko | 米糕/bí-kō (H) | Sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake |
Bimpo[61] | 面布/bīn-pǒ (H) | Face towel | Face towel |
Betsin | 味精/bī-cheng (H) | Monosodium glutamate | Monosodium glutamate |
Buwisit[62] | 無衣食/bō-uî-sít (H) | Without clothes or food | Nuisance |
Diko | 二哥/dī-kô (H) | Appellation for second eldest brother | Appellation for second eldest brother |
Dimsum | 點心/dim2 sam1 (C) | Dim sum; snack; pastry | Dim sum |
Ditse | 二姊/dī–cì (H) | Appellation for second eldest sister | Appellation for second eldest sister |
Ginto[63] | 金條/kim-tiâu (H) | Gold bar | Gold (Au) |
Hikaw | 耳鉤/hǐ-kau (H) | Earrings | Earrings |
Hopya | 好餅/hō-pià (H) | Sweet mung bean cake | Sweet mung bean cake |
Hukbo | 服務/hôk-bū (H) | Service | Army |
Husi | 富絲/hù-si (H) | Quality cotton | Cloth made from pineapple fibre |
Huwepe | 火把/huè-pĕ (H) | Torch | Torch |
Huweteng | 花檔/huê-tĕng (H) | Jueteng | Jueteng |
Impo | ?母/in-bó͘ (H) | His mother | Grandmother |
Ingkong | ?公/in-kông (H) | His father | Grandfather |
Intsik | ?叔/in-chek/in-chiak (H) | His uncle; their uncle | (informal) Chinese people, language, or culture |
Kintsay | 芹菜/khîn-chaĭ (H) | Celery (Apium graveolens) | Celery (Apium graveolens) |
Kiti | 雞弟/ke-tǐ (H) | Young Chick | Young Chick |
Kutsay | 韭菜/khû-chaĭ (H) | Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) | Chinese chives (Allium ramosum) |
Kusot | 鋸屑/kù-sùt (H) | Sawdust | Sawdust |
Kuya | 哥兄/ko͘–hiaⁿ (H) | Appellation for elder brother | Appellation for elder brother |
Lawin | 老鷹/laū-yêng (H) | Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae | Any bird belonging to Accipitridae or Falconidae |
Lithaw[64] | 犁頭/lé-thaú (H) | Plough | Ploughshare |
Lomi | 滷麵/ló͘-mī (H) | Lor mee - Chinese noodle dish | Lomi / Pancit Lomi - Filipino-Chinese noodle dish |
Lumpiya | 潤餅/lûn-pià (H) | Fried or fresh spring rolls | Fried or fresh spring rolls |
Mami | 肉麵/mà-mĭ (H) | Meat and noodles in soup | Meat and noodles in soup |
Miswa | 麵線/mī-sòaⁿ (H) | Misua - chinese salted noodles | Very thin variety of salted noodle Misua soup |
Pansit | 便食/pân-si̍t (H) | Dish that is conveniently cooked i.e. noodle dish | Pancit - any noodle dish |
Pakyaw | 縛繳/pák-kiaù (H) | Wholesale buying | Wholesale buying |
Petsay[65] | 白菜/pē-chaĭ (H) | Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) | Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) |
Pesa | 白煠魚/pē-sà-hí (H) | Plain boiled fish | Plain boiled fish |
Pinse | 硼砂/piên-sē (H) | Borax | Borax |
Pisaw | 匕首/pì-siù (H) | Dagger | Small knife |
Puntaw | 糞斗/pùn-taù (H) | Dustpan | Dustpan |
Puthaw[66] | 斧頭/pú-thâu (H) | Axe | Hatchet; Small axe |
Sampan | 舢板/san-pán (H) | Chinese boat; Chinese junk | Chinese boat; Chinese junk |
Sangko | 三哥/sâ-kô (H) | Appellation for third eldest brother | Appellation for third eldest brother |
Sanse | 三姊/sâ–cì (H) | Appellation for third eldest sister | Appellation for third eldest sister |
Singki | 新客/sin-kheh (H) | New guest / customer | Newcomer; Beginner |
Sitaw | 青豆/chî-taŭ (H) | Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) | Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) |
Siyansi | 煎匙/chian-sî (H) | Kitchen turner | Kitchen turner |
Sotanghon | 苏冬粉/suā-tâng-hùn (H) | Cellophane noodles | Cellophane noodles |
Suki | 主客/chù–khè (H) | Important costumer | Regular customer; Patron |
Sungki[61] | 伸牙/chûn-khì (H) | Protruding tooth | Buck tooth |
Susi | 鎖匙/só–sî (H) | Key | Key |
Suwahe | 沙蝦/suā-hé (H) | Greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) | Greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) |
Suya | 衰啊/soe-a (H) | Expression for 'How unlucky!' | Disgust |
Siyokoy | 水鬼/cuí-kuì (H) | Water spirit; Water devil | Merman |
Siyomay | 燒賣/siō-maĭ (H) | Steamed dumpling | Shumai/Siomai - Steamed dumpling |
Siyopaw | 燒包/siō-paŭ (H) | Meat-filled steamed bun | Siopao - Meat-filled steamed bun |
Taho | 豆花/taū-hû (H) | Tofu | Taho |
Tahure (var. tahuri) | 豆花/taū-hû (H) | Tofu | Fermented tofu in soy sauce |
Tanglaw | 燈籠/tiêng-laú (H) | Lamp; Lantern | Light |
Tanso | 銅索/táng-sò (H) | Copper wire | Copper (Cu), Bronze |
Tawsi | 豆豉/tāu-si (H) | Beans preserved in soy sauce | Beans preserved in soy sauce |
Timsim (var. tingsim) | 灯心/tiêng-sîm (H) | Lampwick | Lampwick |
Tinghoy | 燈火/tiêng-huè (H) | Wick lamp | Wick lamp in glass filled with oil |
Tikoy | 甜粿/tî–kè (H) | Sweetened rice cake | Sweetened rice cake |
Toge | 豆芽/tāu-gê (H) | Bean sprout | Bean sprout |
Tokwa | 豆乾/taū-kuâ (H) | Tofu | Tofu |
Totso | 豆油醋魚/taū-iū-chò-hí (H) | Fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar | Sautéed fish with tahure |
Toyo | 豆油/tāu–iû (H) | Soy sauce | Soy sauce |
Tsaa | 茶/tsá (H) | Tea | Tea |
Tutsang | 頭鬃/thâu-chang (H) | Hair | Short hair on a woman's head |
Upo | 瓠瓜/ō-pú (H) | Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) | Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) |
Utaw | 黑豆/ō-taŭ (H) | Black Soybean (Glycine max) | Soybean (Glycine max) |
Wansoy (var. unsoy, yansoy) | 芫荽/iān-suî (H) | Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) | Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) |
Japanese[edit]
There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese[67]. Many of them are introduced as recently as the twentieth century like tansan[68] (bottle cap, from the Japanese 炭酸 which originally means refers to soda and carbonated drinks) and karaoke (from the Japanese カラオケ, literally means 'empty orchestra') although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as katana (Japanese sword, from the Japanese かたな with the same meaning).
Some Filipino jokes are based on comical reinterpretation of Japanese terms as Tagalog words like for example in the case of otousan (from the Japanese お父さん meaning 'father') which is reinterpreted as utusan (meaning 'servant' or 'maid') in Tagalog[69]. As for the Tagalog word Japayuki, it refers to the Filipino migrants who flocked to Japan starting in the 1980s to work as entertainers and it is a portmanteau of the English word Japan and the Japanese word yuki (or 行き, meaning 'going' or 'bound to').
Tagalog | Japanese | Meaning in Japanese | Meaning in Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|
Bonsay | 盆栽 (bonsai) | Bonsai; miniature potted plant | (slang) Short in height[70][71]; bonsai; miniature potted plant |
Dorobo | 泥棒 (dorobō) | Thief; burglar; robber | Thief; burglar; robber |
Dyak en poy[72] | じゃん拳ぽん (jankenpon) | Rock–paper–scissors game | Rock–paper–scissors game |
Kampay | 乾杯 (kanpai) | Cheers | Cheers |
Karaoke | カラオケ (karaoke) | Karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment) | Karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment) |
Karate | 空手 (karate) | Karate | Karate |
Katana | 刀 (katana) | Katana; a Japanese sword | Katana; a Japanese sword |
Katol | 蚊取り線香 (katorisenkō) | Mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense | Mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense |
Kimona | 着物 (kimono) | Kimono (or other trad. Japanese clothing) | Traditional Philippine blouse made of piña or jusi |
Kirey | 奇麗 (kirei) | Pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair | (slang) Pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair |
Kokang | 交換 (kōkan) | Exchange; interchange | (slang) Exchange; interchange |
Pampan | ぱんぱん (panpan) | (slang) Prostitute (esp. just after WWII) | (slang) Prostitute |
Shabu | シャブ (shabu) | (slang) Methamphetamine hydrochloride | Methamphetamine hydrochloride |
Taksan-taksan | 沢山 (takusan) | Much; many | (slang) Much; many |
Tansan | 炭酸 (tansan) | Carbonated water | Bottle cap |
Tsunami | 津波 (tsunami) | Tsunami; tidal wave | Tsunami; tidal wave |
Nahuatl[edit]
Tagalog gained Nahuatl words through Spanish from the Galleon trade with Mexico during the Hispanic era.[73]
Here are some examples:
Tagalog Word | Nahuatl Root Word | Spanish Word | Meaning and Further Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Abokado | Ahuacatl | Aguacate | Persea americana |
Akapulko (var. kapurko) | Acapolco | Acapulco | Senna alata |
Alpasotis (var. pasotis) | Epazotl | Epazote | Chenopodium ambrosioides |
Atole[74] | Atolli | Atole | Paste made from flour |
Atsuwete | Achiotl | Achiote | Bixa orellana |
Guwatsinanggo | Cuauchilnacatl | Guachinango | Shrewd; cunning; astute |
Kakaw | Cacáhuatl | Cacao | Theobroma cacao |
Kakawati (var. kakawate) | Cacáhuatl | Cacahuate | Gliricidia sepium |
Kalatsutsi (var. kalanotse) | Cacaloxochitl | Cacalosúchil | Plumeria rubra |
Kamatis | Tomatl | Tomate | Solanum lycopersicum |
Kamatsile | Cuamóchitl | Guamúchil | Pithecellobium dulce |
Kamote | Camotli | Camote | Ipomoea batatas |
Koyote (var. kayote) | Coyotl | Coyote | Canis latrans |
Kulitis | Quilitl | Quelite | Amaranthus viridis |
Mekate | Mecatl | Mecate | Rope or cord made out of abaca |
Mehiko | Mexitli | Mexico | Mexico |
Nanay[75][76] | Nantli | Nana | Mother |
Paruparo[77][73](var. paparo) | Papalotl | Papalote | Butterfly |
Petate[78] | Petlatl | Petate | Woven palm-matting |
Peyote | Peyotl | Peyote | Lophophora williamsii |
Pitaka | Petlacalli | Petaca | Coin purse |
Sakate | Zacatl | Zacate | Hay or grass for fodder |
Sangkaka | Chiancaca | Chancaca | Cakes of hardened molasses |
Sapote | Tzapotl | Zapote | Pouteria sapota |
Sayote | Chayotli | Chayote | Sechium edule |
Sili | Chīlli | Chile | Chili pepper |
Singkamas | Xicamatl | Jicama | Pachyrhizus erosus |
Sisiwa | Chichiua | Chichigua | Wet nurse |
Tamalis (var. tamales) | Tamalli | Tamal | Rice-based tamales wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks |
Tapangko[79] | Tlapanco | Tapanco | Awning |
Tatay[75][80] | Tahtli | Tata | Father |
Tisa | Tizatl | Tiza | Chalk |
Tiyangge (var. tsangge) | Tianquiztli | Tianguis | Open-air market |
Tokayo (var. tukayo, katukayo) | Tocayotia | Tocayo | Namesake |
Tsiklet (var. tsikle) | Chictli | Chicle | Chewing gum |
Tsiko | Tzicozapotl | Chicozapote | Manilkara zapota |
Tsokolate | Xocolatl | Chocolate | Chocolate |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Thompson, Roger M. (2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 59. ISBN9789027248916.
In their review of a Pilipino English dictionary, Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) point out that 33% of word roots are of Spanish origin.
- ^'Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino'. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ abcForastieri Braschi, Eduardo; Cardona, Julia; López Morales, Humberto. Estudios de lingüística hispánica : homenaje a María Vaquero.
- ^ abQuilis, Antonio; Casado-Fresnillo, Celia. La lengua española en Filipinas. Historia. Situación actual. El chabacano. Antología de textos.
- ^Alcantara y Antonio, Teresita (1999). Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko. Diliman, Quezon City : Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. ISBN978-9718781777.
- ^Lopez, Cecilio (1 January 1965). 'The Spanish overlay in Tagalog'. Lingua. 14: 481. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN0024-3841.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - d'. www.trussel2.com.
Apparently a phonologically modified borrowing of Spanish tinta ‘dye’.
- ^ abcPotet, Jean-Paul G. (2016-06-25). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. lulu.com. ISBN978-1326615796.
- ^Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. pp. 318–319. ISBN9781326615796.
- ^Alcantara y Antonio, Teresita (1999). Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko. Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. p. 86. ISBN9789718781777.
- ^K, Lim T. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 472. ISBN9789048186617.
- ^Schachter, Paul; Otanes, Fe T. (1983). Tagalog Reference Grammar (in Tagalog). University of California Press. p. 514. ISBN9780520049437.
- ^Vos, Frederik and Fiona De. 'Tagalog Pwera sa, Maliban sa'. learningtagalog.com.
- ^'Common Names Summary - Lactarius lactarius'. www.fishbase.de.
Remarks: Also spelled 'Algudon'. 'algodon' borrowed from Spanish 'algodón', i.e., cotton.
- ^'GabbyDictionary.com'. www.gabbydictionary.com.
mouse pad -- almohadilya (Sp.: almohadilla)
- ^Orosa, Rosalinda L. 'Victory Liner takes you to 'Perya Nostalgia' | Philstar.com'. philstar.com.
In this day and age of throwbacks and flashbacks on social media, perya enthusiasts would be pleased to still find classic carnival rides like the tsubibo (carousel), ruweda (Ferris wheel), the tame rollercoaster dubbed the Caterpillar, the topsy-turvy Octopus, and the Flying Swing.
- ^Bundang, Rebekah (1997). 'Spanish Loanwords in Tagalog': 10.
- ^ abPotet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 204. ISBN9781291457261.
- ^Blanco, Manuel (1837). Flora de Filipinas: según el sistema sexual de Linneo (in Spanish). en la imprenta de Sto. Thomas, por Candido Lopez. p. 326.
El fruto del lanzón cultivado, no deja ser sabroso: su corteza despide una leche pegajosa, y las semillas son verdes y amargas. Es conocido de todos en las Islas; pero ignoro si la palabra lanzones ó lansones es extranjera ó del país: ella tiene semejanza con lasona, que es cebolla
- ^Penido, Miguel Colmeiro y (1871). Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo, con la correspondencia científica y la indicacion abreviada de los unos é igualmente de la familia á que pertenece cada planta (in Spanish). G. Alhambra. p. 173.
- ^Garcia, J. Neil C (2008). Philippine gay culture: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM. University of the Philippines Press. p. 134. ISBN9789715425773. OCLC300977671.
It roughly translates to 'bisexual', although as with bakla, the cultural marker of this particular variety of sexual being is mostly not sexuality per se, but predictably enough, gender: the silahis is a male who looks every bit like a 'real man' - he may even be married and with a family - but who, in all this time, would rather swish and wear skirts and scream 'like a woman'.
- ^Lopez, Cecilio (1 January 1965). 'The Spanish overlay in Tagalog'. Lingua. 14: 477. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6. ISSN0024-3841.
- ^Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Salas Palomo, Rosa (2008). Hispanisation: the impact of Spanish on the lexicon and grammar of the indigenous languages of Austronesia and the Americas. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 209. ISBN9783110207231. OCLC651862960.
- ^Cariño, Linda Grace. 'How Swardspeak was born, truly-ly! | Philstar.com'. philstar.com.
- ^Bello, Walden F.; Guzman, Alfonso de (1971). Modernization: Its Impact in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 39.
The state of the body A, together with the state of nature B, leads to disorder X; e.g., hunger together with getting wet causes pasmá (< Spanish pasmar 'to astonish, to cause spasms').
- ^Baklanova, Ekaterina (24 January 2013). 'Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog'. SIL International: 10.
While adopting a borrowing the recipient language may replace some part of the borrowing (mostly the root or its part) with the native lexical material, thus making a HYBRID LOANWORD. In the case of Tagalog borrowed morphemes may be substituted with those of PREVIOUSLY ASSIMILATED loanwords, thus some of the Tagalog hybrid loans consist only of borrowed material
- ^Baklanova, Ekaterina (20 March 2017). 'Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino'. Kritika Kultura. 0 (28): 42–43. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803.
- ^Baklanova, Ekaterina (24 January 2013). 'Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog'. SIL International: 10.
There are much more HYBRID NEOLOGISMS (CREATIONS) in the modern Tagalog, i.e. new words invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated borrowed material.
- ^Baklanova, Ekaterina (20 March 2017). 'Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino'. Kritika Kultura. 0 (28): 45. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803.
- ^ abSawikaan 2007: Mga Salita ng Taon. 2008. ISBN9789715425834.
- ^Baklanova, Ekaterina (20 March 2017). 'Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino'. Kritika Kultura. 0 (28): 42. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN1656-152X.
- ^POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2018). Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs. Lulu.com. p. 214. ISBN9780244348731.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - c'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing, most likely from Malay. Under this hypothesis the consistent partial reduplication in Philippine forms is unexplained, but no borrowing hypothesis in the other direction appears plausible.
- ^Hall, D. G. E; Cowan, C. D; Wolters, O. W (1976). Southeast Asian history and historiography: essays presented to D.G.E. Hall. Cornell University Press. p. 353. ISBN978-0801408410. OCLC2185469.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - c'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - o'. www.trussel2.com.
- ^Baklanova, Ekaterina (20 March 2017). 'Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino'. Kritika Kultura. 0 (28): 37. doi:10.13185/KK2017.02803. ISSN1656-152X.
Mal. /kanan/ (< *ka-wanan) [Wolff 1976]
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - w'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Tamil.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - m'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *kulambu ‘curtain’.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - t'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing of Malay gərgaji ‘a saw; to saw’.
- ^POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. p. 88. ISBN9781326615796.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - m'. www.trussel2.com.
Also Balinese pijar ‘borax, solder’. Borrowing from Malay.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - u'. www.trussel2.com.
Also Balinese takeh ‘measure (large amount)’, takeh-an ‘a measure of volume’. Borrowing from Malay.
- ^Odé, Cecilia (1997). Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Leiden 22-27 August 1994. Rodopi. p. 607. ISBN9789042002531.
Tag tangháliʔ 'noon' represents *tengáq + *qaRi but is clearly a loan from Malay tengah hari.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - g'. www.trussel2.com.
The forms cited here are conspicuous for their multiple phonological irregularities and apparent morphological reanalyses. This strongly suggests that the form has been borrowed, probably from Malay. According to Alton L. Becker (p.c.) a similar folk belief is found in Burma. If true it is tempting to hypothesize that the puntianak belief was ultimately borrowed by speakers of an early form of Malay from a mainland Southeast Asian source and subsequently disseminated through much of island Southeast Asia.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - c'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff's (1934-38) inclusion of Fijian vosa 'speak, talk' under a reconstruction *ucap 'speak, converse with' appears unjustified.
- ^Haspelmath, Martin (2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 724. ISBN978-3110218435.
- ^Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. pp. 73, 191. ISBN9781326615796.
- ^POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. pp. 285–286. ISBN9781291457261.
- ^Donoso, Isaac J. (2010). 'The Hispanic Moros y Cristianos and the Philippine Komedya'. Philippine Humanities Review. 11: 87–120. ISSN0031-7802.
Thus, Arabic words became integrated into Philippine languages through Spanish (e.g., alahas (alhaja, al- haja), alkalde (alcalde, al-qadi), alkampor (alcanfor, al-kafiir), alkansiya (alcancia, al-kanziyya), aldaba (aldaba, al-dabba), almires (almirez, al-mihras), baryo (barrio, al-barri), kapre (cafre, kafir), kisame (zaquizami, saqf fassami), etc.);
- ^Donoso Jiménez, Isaac (2017). 'Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo'. Revista Filipina. ISSN1496-4538.
El préstamo más reseñable es anakura, cuya etimología procede incuestionablemente del persa nājūdā / ناخوذا.
- ^ abDonoso Jiménez, Isaac (2017). 'Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo'. Revista Filipina. ISSN1496-4538.
Igualmente persas son las palabras tagalas pingan, “plato” (desde pinggaan / ﭙﻨﮔان) y salawal, “pantalones” (desde sirvaal / سروال).
- ^POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog. Lulu.com. p. 152. ISBN9781291457261.
- ^ abPOTET, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Lulu.com. p. 334. ISBN9781326615796.
- ^Albala, Ken (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. ISBN9780313376269.
Pancit (also spelled pansit), or noodles, is a main-stay ingredient that has undergone significant adaptations in the preparation process. Filipinos use different types of noodles, such as those made from rice, egg, wheat, and mung beans, to make various pancit dishes. Introduced by the Chinese during the Spanish period, the dish has been Filipinized, and various regions have come up with their own versions as well.
- ^Pacho, Arturo (1986). 'The Chinese Community in the Philippines: Status and Conditions'. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 1 (1): 76–91. doi:10.1355/SJ1-1E. JSTOR41056696.
- ^Wickberg, Edgar (1962). 'Early Chinese Economic Influence in the Philippines, 1850–1898'. Pacific Affairs. 35 (3): 275–285. JSTOR2753187.
It is known that the arrival of the Spanish in the late sixteenth century provided attractive economic opportunities which stimulated Chinese immigration to the Philippines in much greater volume than ever before. By the beginning of the seventeenth century there were over 20,000 Chinese in the Manila area - a number many times that of the Spanish settler.
- ^Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2016). Sabores que cruzaron los océanos = Flavors that sail across the seas. AECID Biblioteca Digital AECID. p. 64. OCLC973021471.
- ^Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 5. ISBN9780858832251.
The number of loanwords in the domain of cookery is rather large, and they are, by far, the most homogeneous of the loanwords.
- ^Joaquin, Nick (2004). Culture and history. Pasig City. p. 42. ISBN978-9712714269. OCLC976189040.
- ^ abChan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 130. ISBN9780858832251.
- ^Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 133. ISBN9780858832251.
- ^Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 201. ISBN978-9715501354. OCLC433091144.
- ^Chee-Beng, Tan (2012). Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond. NUS Press. p. 129. ISBN9789971695484.
- ^Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 136. ISBN9780858832251.
- ^'ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Loans - a'. www.trussel2.com.
Borrowing of Hokkien pú-thâu ‘axe’. This comparison was pointed out by Daniel Kaufman.
- ^Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2016). Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press, Inc. p. 343. ISBN9781326615796.
- ^Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 9, 2013). 'Making useless information useful'. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018.
The trade and cultural exchange between the Philippines and Japan runs deep. In prewar Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water (“tansan” in Japanese refers to carbonated mineral water). It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been called tansan by Filipinos.
- ^Potet, Jean-Paul (2016). Tagalog borrowings and cognates. Jean-Paul G. Potet. p. 346. ISBN9781326615796. OCLC962269309.
- ^'TRANSLATIONS | Tagalog Interpreter and Translator - Caroline Carrera'. www.tagaloginterpreter.com.
Bonsay, weng-weng – Bansot, pandak
- ^Cordero-Fernando, Gilda. 'Our native 'slanguage''.
“bonsai” means “dwarfed” or “short”
- ^Ocampo, Ambeth R. (June 27, 2014). 'Japan under our skin'. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
The childhood game “jak en poy,” with a nonsense rhyme in Filipino that accompanies the hand gestures of rock, scissors, and paper, traces its origin to the Japanese “janken pon.”
- ^ abAlbalá, Paloma (2003). 'Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines'. Philippine Studies. 51 (1): 125–146. JSTOR42633639.
- ^Panganiban, José Villa (1964). 'Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo'. Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 264. JSTOR25135261.
ATOLE (MLP), en México, bebida preparada con sustancias harinosas y no-alcohólica. En Filipinas atole significa actualmente una pasta de harina, empleada como adhesivo, no comestible.
- ^ abLeón-Portilla, Miguel (1960). 'Algunos nahuatlismos en el castellano de Filipinas'. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (in Spanish) (2): 135–138. ISSN0071-1675.
- ^Panganiban, José Villa (1964). 'Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo'. Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 268. ISSN0185-0172. JSTOR25135261.
NANA (MLP), azteca 'nantli' (madre), en tagalo nanay significa 'madre' o 'abuela'.
- ^Casado-Fresnillo, Antonio Quilis, Celia; Casado Fresnillo, Celia (2008). La lengua española en Filipinas : historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos (1st ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 410. ISBN978-8400086350.
- ^Albalá, Paloma (1 March 2003). 'Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines'. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 51 (1): 133. ISSN2244-1638.
petate 'woven palm-matting' > Ceb. petate, Tag. petate;
- ^Albalá, Paloma (1 March 2003). 'Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines'. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 51 (1): 133. ISSN2244-1638.
tapanco 'raised platform for storing lumber' > Kap. tapanko, Tag. tapangko;
- ^Panganiban, José Villa (1964). 'Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo'. Historia Mexicana. 14 (2): 270. ISSN0185-0172. JSTOR25135261.
TATA (MLP), azteca 'tahtli' (padre). Tata, tatay y tatang son denominaciones comunes de 'padre' en diversos idiomas de Filipinas
Commonly misspelled English words[1] (UK: misspelt words) are words that are often unintentionally misspelled in general writing.A selected list of common words is presented below, under Documented list of common misspellings.Although the word 'common' is subjective depending on the situation, the focus is on general writing, rather than in a specific field. Official spellings also vary by country or region, with some rejecting the American or British variants as incorrect for the region.[1][2][3]
Within a particular field of study, such as computer graphics, other words might be more common for misspelling, such as 'pixel' misspelled as 'pixle' (or variants 'cesium' and 'caesium'). Sometimes words are purposely misspelled, as a form in slang, abbreviations, or in song lyrics, etc.
In general writing, some words are frequently misspelled, such as the incorrect spelling 'concensus'[4] for 'consensus'[5]found in numerous webpages on the Internet.[4] Other common misspellings include 'equiptment' (for 'equipment'),[4][6]'independant' (for 'independent'),[4][7]'readible' (for readable),[3][8]or 'usible' (for usable or useable).[3][4][9][10][11][12]
- 2Documented list of common misspellings
- 3Common causes of misspellings
Unlimited misspellings[edit]
Because many words can be extended with prefixes (such as 'un-' or 'anti-' or 're-') or suffixes (such as '-ly' or '-ing' or '-ness'), a comprehensive list of words prone to misspelling would contain thousands of variations from combining prefixes or suffixes (or both) added to the root words. To limit the scope to common words, the top 350 words are considered (according to various sources).
Documented list of common misspellings[edit]
The following list, of about 350 words, is based on documented lists[4][10] of the top 100, 200, or 400[3] most commonly misspelled words in all variants of the English language, rather than listing every conceivable misspelled word. Each word is followed by examples of misspellings:
![Common Common](https://usercontent1.hubstatic.com/13421026_f520.jpg)
A–B[edit]
- absence – abcense, absance[3][10]
- acceptable – acceptible[4]
- accidentally/accidently – accidentaly[4]
- accommodate – accomodate, acommodate[3][4]
- achieve – acheive[3]
- acknowledge – acknowlege, aknowledge[3]
- acquaintance – acquaintence, aquaintance[3]
- acquire – aquire, adquire[4]
- acquit – aquit[4]
- acreage – acrage, acerage[3]
- address – adress[3]
- adultery – adultary[3]
- advisable – adviseable, advizable[3]
- affect – effect[3]
- aggression – agression[1]
- aggressive – agressive[1]
- allegiance – allegaince, allegience, alegiance[3]
- almost – allmost[3]
- a lot – alot (must be two words), allot[4]
- amateur – amatuer, amature[4]
- annually – anually, annualy[3]
- apparent – apparant, aparent[4]
- arctic – artic[3]
- argument – arguement[1][4]
- atheist – athiest[3][4]
- awful – awfull, aweful[3]
- because – becuase[3]
- becoming – becomeing[3]
- beginning – begining[3]
- believe – beleive[4]
- bellwether – bellweather[3][4]
- buoy/buoyant – bouy/bouyant[3]
- business – buisness[1]
C–D[edit]
- calendar – calender[3][4]
- camouflage – camoflage, camoflague[3]
- capitol – capital[3] (both words exist, but are distinct)
- Caribbean – Carribean[3]
- category – catagory[3][4]
- caught – cauhgt, caugt[3]
- cemetery – cemetary,[1] cematery[3]
- changeable – changable[3][4]
- chief – cheif[3]
- colleague – collaegue, collegue[3]
- column – colum[4]
- coming – comming[3]
- committed – commited, comitted[3][4]
- concede – conceed[3]
- congratulate – congradulate[3]
- conscientious – consciencious[3][4]
- conscious – concious, consious[4]
- consensus – concensus[1][3][4]
- controversy – contraversy[1]
- coolly – cooly[3]
- daiquiri – dacquiri, daquiri[4]
- deceive – decieve[1][3]
- definite – definate,[1] definit[4]
- definitely – definitly,[4] definately, defiantly
- desperate – desparate[1][3]
- difference – diffrence[3]
- dilemma – dilema[3]
- disappoint – disapoint[1]
- disastrous – disasterous[3]
- drunkenness – drunkeness[4]
- dumbbell – dumbell[4]
E–H[edit]
- embarrass – embarass[1][4]
- equipment – equiptment (wrong in numerous webpages)[4]
- exceed – excede[4]
- exhilarate – exilerate[4]
- existence – existance[4]
- experience – experiance[4]
- extreme – extreem[1]
- fascinating – facinating[1]
- fiery – firey[4]
- fluorescent – flourescent[1]
- foreign – foriegn[4]
- friend – freind[1]
- fulfil – fullfil (American: fulfill)[1]
- gauge – guage[1][4]
- grateful – gratefull, greatful[1][4]
- guarantee – garantee, garentee, garanty[1][4][10]
- guidance – guidence[11]
- harass – harrass[1][4]
- height – heighth, heigth[4]
- hierarchy – heirarchy[4]
- hors d'oeuvres – hors derves, ordeurves[3]
- humorous – humerous[4]
- hygiene – hygene, hygine, hiygeine, higeine, hygeine[3]
- hypocrisy/hypocrite – hipocrit[1][3]
I–K[edit]
- ignorance – ignorence[4]
- imitate – immitate[3]
- immediately – imediately[1][4]
- indict - indite[4]
- independent – independant[4][7]
- indispensable – indispensible[4]
- inoculate – innoculate[4]
- intelligence – inteligence, intelligance[4]
- jewelry (UK: jewellery) – jewelery[4]
- judgment – judgement (issue in the U.S.)[4]
- kernel – kernal, distinct from homophone 'colonel'[4]
L–O[edit]
- leisure – liesure[4]
- liaison – liason[1][4]
- library – libary, liberry[4]
- license – lisence[4] (US always license, UK noun licence)[1]
- lightning – lightening[4]
- lose – loose[13]
- maintenance – maintainance, maintnance[1]
- medieval – medeval, medevil, mideval[4]
- memento – momento[4]
- millennium – millenium, milennium[1][4]
- miniature – miniture[1][4]
- minuscule – miniscule[1][4]
- mischievous – mischievious, mischevous, mischevious (The spelling 'mischievious' and the corresponding pronunciation are still considered non-standard despite being current and existing since at least the 16th century.)[4][14]
- misspell – mispell, misspel[1][4]
- necessary – neccessary, necessery[1]
- niece – neice[1]
- neighbor – nieghbor[4]
- noticeable – noticable[4]
- occasion – occassion[1]
- occasionally – occasionaly, occassionally[4]
- occurrence – occurrance, occurence[4]
- occurred – occured[1]
- omission – ommision, omision[1]
- original – orignal[1]
- outrageous – outragous[1]
P–Q[edit]
- parliament – parliment[1]
- pastime – passtime, pasttime[4]
- perceive – percieve[1]
- perseverance – perseverence[4]
- personnel – personell, personel[4]
- plagiarize – plagerize[3]
- playwright – playright, playwrite[4]
- possession – posession, possesion[1][4]
- potatoes – potatos[1]
- precede – preceed[4]
- presence – presance[1]
- principle – principal[4]
- privilege – privelege, priviledge[1][4]
- professor – professer[3]
- promise – promiss[11]
- pronunciation – pronounciation[4]
- proof – prufe[12]
- prophecy (as noun) – prophesy (valid as verb)[3]
- publicly – publically[4]
- quarantine – quarentine[3]
- queue – que (from Bar-B-Que)[3]
- questionnaire – questionaire, questionnair[1]
R–S[edit]
- readable – readible[8]
- really – realy[1]
- receive – recieve[1][4]
- receipt – reciept[4]
- recommend – recomend, reccommend[1][4]
- referred – refered[4]
- reference – referance, refrence[4]
- relevant – relevent, revelant[3][4]
- religious – religous, religius[12]
- repetition – repitition[12]
- restaurant – restarant, restaraunt[4]
- rhyme – rime[4]
- rhythm – rythm, rythem[1][4]
- secretary – secratary, secretery[1]
- seize – sieze[1]
- separate – seperate[1][4]
- sergeant – sargent[4]
- similar – similer[1]
- skilful – skilfull (American: skillful)[1]
- speech – speach, speeche (archaic)[12]
- successful – succesful, successfull, sucessful[1]
- supersede – supercede[4]
- surprise – suprise, surprize[1]
T–Z[edit]
- than – then[15]
- their – there, they're[4]
- tomatoes – tomatos[1]
- tomorrow – tommorow, tommorrow[1]
- twelfth – twelth[4]
- tyranny – tyrany[4]
- underrate – underate[4]
- until – untill[4]
- upholstery – upholstry[4]
- usable/useable – usible[9]
- vacuum – vaccuum, vaccum, vacume[4]
- vehicle – vehical[1]
- vicious – visious[1]
- weather – wether[4]
- weird – wierd[1][4]
- welfare – wellfare, welfair[3]
- whether – wether[3]
- wilful – wilfull (American: willful)[1]
- withhold – withold[1]
- writing – writting, writeing[12]
Common causes of misspellings[edit]
Mispronunciation[edit]
Mispronunciation is known to be one of the most common causes of misspelling.[16]Hence, phonetic misspelling is common, once a word is mispronounced. For example, the word realize may be misspelled as 'relize'.
Typing errors[edit]
Some spelling errors are introduced because the typing of certain people is not perfect, such as
- letters are doubled, or more frequently double letters tripled, such as 'betwween' and 'betweeen'
- letters are singled, such as 'betwen'
- keys are transposed, so 'because' becomes 'becuase'. (see Teh)
Some of the errors listed may be due to mistyping rather than ignorance, for example 'solider' for 'soldier'.
These misspellings rarely happen in handwritten text.[citation needed]
Homophones[edit]
Two (or more) differently spelt words with different meanings are homophones if they are nonetheless pronounced the same; e.g., 'right', 'rite', 'wright', and 'write'; 'read' (most tenses of verb) and 'reed'; 'read' (past, past participle) and 'red'. This list includes only a few homophones although incorrect use of homophones is a very common error; the following words from the list are all good English words, though often incorrectly used in place of their homophones:
- advice
- affect
- artic (colloquial UK usage for 'articulated lorry')
- aweful
- breath
- calender
- capital
- dose
- its
- lightening
- loose
- loosing
- planing
- principal
- rime
- solider
- stoping
- they're
- wether
- you're
Spell checkers do not detect incorrect use of homophones.
Personal names[edit]
Personal names and surnames may be pronounced like a standard English word, but with different spelling: 'balance' and 'John Ballance'; 'war' and 'Evelyn Waugh'; 'marshal' and 'George Marshall'. Personal names do, of course, generally start with a capital letter.
Foreign writers[edit]
A misspelling in English might be made by someone used to a different spelling in another language; for example, 'address' is translated 'adresse' in French and German. Many Spanish words are similar or identical to English words, but with an 'n' inserted, or replacing an 'm', leading to errors: 'inmigrant' from 'inmigrante', 'cementery' from 'cementerio', 'confortable'. The English word 'loose' reasonably looks like it should be pronounced as 'lose' to Germans, as in German the lone 's' often has the sound of an English 'z', and a lone 'o' in English very seldom has the 'oo' sound.
Apostrophes[edit]
There can be confusion over a plural possessive form. If the singular is 'book's title' and the plural 'books' titles', the latter can appear as 'book's', or even 'books's'. The plural can be written with an erroneous apostrophe ('grocer's apostrophe' in Britain): 'apple's and pear's'. Elision can lead to misspelling: 'doesn't', where the apostrophe represents the elided 'o', can be misspelled 'does'nt'.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkbl'Common misspellings'. Oxford University Press, 2009. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
- ^ 'Canadian, British and American Spelling', LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-spelling.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbg 'Canadian, British and American Spelling – Some Commonly Misspelled Words', LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-misspelled.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcy'100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English', LoveToKnow Corp., December 2008
- ^ 'Merriam-Webster Online' (results for misspelling as 'concensus'), Merriam-Webster, 2008, webpage: MW-concensus.
- ^ 'Merriam-Webster Online' (results for misspelling as 'equiptment'), Merriam-Webster, December 2008, webpage: MW-equiptment.
- ^ ab 'Merriam-Webster Online' (results for misspelling as 'independant'), Merriam-Webster, December 2008, webpage: MW-independant.
- ^ ab 'Merriam-Webster Online' (results for misspelling as 'readible'), Merriam-Webster, December 2008, webpage: MW-readible.
- ^ ab 'Merriam-Webster Online' (results for misspelling as 'usible'), Merriam-Webster, December 2008, webpage: MW-usible.
- ^ abcd '200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 1)', Richard Nordquist (see below: References).
- ^ abc '200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 2)', Richard Nordquist (see below: References).
- ^ abcdef '200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 3)', Richard Nordquist (see below: References).
- ^'Loose vs Lose'. e Learn English Language. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
- ^'Mischievous – Definition of mischievous by Merriam-Webster'. merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
- ^Armstrong.edu (results for misspelling as 'then'), Commonly Misspelled Words
- ^ 'How to Prepare for the Canadian GED High School Equivalency Exam', Murray Rockowitz, Dale Shuttleworth, et al., 2002, ISBN0-7641-1789-0, p. 177, Google Books webpage: GoogleB-9LU.
References[edit]
- 'Canadian, British and American Spelling', LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-spelling.
- 'Canadian, British and American Spelling: Some Commonly Misspelled Words', LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-misspelled.
- 'Merriam-Webster Online' (results for misspelling as 'concensus'), Merriam-Webster, 2008, webpage: MW-concensus.
- '200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 1)', Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-A.
- '200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 2)', Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-B.
- '200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 3)', Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-C.
A collection of useful phrases in Tagalog, an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Philippines.
Click on any of the (non-English) phrases that are links (blue) to hear them spoken. If you can provide recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me.
To see these phrases in many other languages click on the English versions. If you'd like to see these phrases in any combination of two languages, try the Phrase Finder.
Key to abbreviations: frm = formal, inf = informal
English | Tagalog |
---|---|
Welcome | Maligayang pagdating Mabuhay |
Hello (General greeting) | Musta? (inf) Kumusta? (frm) Hello Hi |
How are you? | Musta? (inf) Kumusta? (inf) Kumusta ka? (frm) |
Reply to 'How are you?' | Mabuti naman po (frm) Mabuti naman (inf) |
Long time no see | Tagal na ah! (inf) Grabe ang tagal na nating di nagkita! (inf) Ang tagal nating hindi nagkita (frm) |
What's your name? | Ano po ang pangalan nila? (frm) Anong pangalan mo? (inf) |
My name is .. | Ang pangalan ko po ay .. (frm) Ang pangalan ko ay .. (inf) |
Where are you from? | Tagasaan ka? Saan ka nanggaling? |
I'm from .. | Taga .. ako Ako ay galing sa .. |
Pleased to meet you | Kinagagalak kong makilala ka |
Good morning (Morning greeting) | Magandang umaga po (frm) Magandang umaga (inf) |
Good afternoon (Afternoon greeting) | Magandang hapon po (frm) Magandang hapon (inf) |
Good evening (Evening greeting) | Magandang gabi po (frm) Magandang gabi (inf) |
Good night | Gudnayt Matutulog na ako (I'm going to sleep now) Matulog ka na (Go to sleep already) - inf Matulog na po kayo (Go to sleep now) - frm |
Goodbye (Parting phrases) | Paálam |
Good luck! | Suwertehin ka sana Magsumikap ka (Work hard) Pagbutihin mo (Do your best) Mapasa iyo nawa ang suwerte (old fashioned) |
Cheers! Good Health! (Toasts used when drinking) | Mabuhay! (long life) |
Have a nice day | Magandang araw sa'yo! Magandang araw sa iyo! |
Bon appetit / Have a nice meal | Tayo'y magsikain (frm) Kainan na! (inf) - Let's eat! |
Bon voyage / Have a good journey | Maligayang paglalakbáy! |
Tagalog | Hindi ko alam |
Do you understand? | Nauunawaan mo? |
I understand | Naiintinidihan ko |
I don't understand | Hindi ko naiintindihan |
Please speak more slowly | Pwede mo bang bagalan ang iyong pagsasalita? |
Please say that again | Pakiúlit mo yon |
Please write it down | Pakisulat mo naman |
Do you speak Tagalog? | Nagsasalita ho/po ba kayo ng Tagalog? (inf) Nagta-Tagalog ka ba? |
Yes, a little (reply to 'Do you speak ..?') | Nagsasalita ako ng kaunti lamang (frm) Oo, konti lang (inf) |
Do you speak a language other than Tagalog? | Marunong ka bang magsalita ng ibang wika bukod sa Tagalog? Nakapagsasalita po ba kayo ng ibang wika bukod sa Filipino/Tagalog? (frm) Nakakapagsalita ka ba ng ibang lengguwahe bukod sa Filipino/Tagalog? (inf) |
How do you say .. in Tagalog? | Paano mo sabihin ang .. sa tagalog? |
Excuse me | Ipagpaumanhin ninyo ako! Paumanhin (po)! |
How much is this? | Magkano ho ito? Magkano to? |
Sorry | Patawad! Pasensya na |
Thank you | Salamat (inf) Maraming salamat (inf) Salamat po (frm) Maraming salamat po (frm) |
Reply to thank you | Wala pong anuman (frm) Walang anuman (inf) |
Where's the toilet / bathroom? | Nasaan ang kasilyas? Nasaan ang banyo? Nasaan ang CR? (comfort room) |
This gentleman/lady will pay for everything | Siya na po ang magbabayad ng lahat |
Would you like to dance with me? | Sayaw tayo (Let's dance) Tara sayaw tayo (Come dance with me) Gusto mo bang sumayaw? (inf) Maari ko bang hingin ang kamay mo para sa sayaw na ito? (vfrm) |
I miss you | Ikaw ay hanap-hanap ko (frm - old fashioned) |
I love you | Iniibig kita Mahal Kita Minamahal Kita Iniirog kita (old fashioned) |
Get well soon | Magpagaling ka na, ha |
Go away! | Lubayan mo ako! Lumayas ka sa harapan ko! Huwag mo akong pakialamanan! |
Leave me alone! | Iwanan mo ako mag-isa! Hayaan mo ko mapag-isa! Lubayan mo ako! Lumayas ka sa harapan ko! (Get out of my sight!) Huwag mo akong pakialamanan! (Don't bother me!) |
Help! | Saklolo! Tulong! |
Fire! | Sunog! |
Stop! | Tigil! Para! (to tell vehicle to stop) |
Call the police! | Tumawag ka ng pulis! |
Christmas greetings | Maligayang Pasko |
New Year greetings | Manigong bagong taon |
Easter greetings | Maligayang pasko ng pagkabuhay |
Birthday greetings | Maligayang kaarawan (Happy Birthday) Maligayang bati sa iyong kaarawan (Happy/Joyful/Merry Wishes on your Birthday) Nawa'y pagpalain ka ng Diyos ng marami pang kaarawan (May God bless you with many more birthdays to come) |
Congratulations! | Pagbati! Binabati kita! |
One language is never enough | Hindi sapat ang isang wika lamang Hindi sapat ang isang lengguahe lamang |
My hovercraft is full of eels Why this phrase? | Puno ng palos ang aking hoberkrap/hovercraft |
Hear some Tagalog phrases:
Corrections by Evan Rey Macasa and Innah Madrid
If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if you can provide recordings, please contact me.
Information about Tagalog | Phrases | Numbers | Time | Tongue twisters | Tower of Babel | Tagalog learning materials
Links
Collections of Tagalog phrases
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/useful_tagalog_phrases3.htm
http://www.tagaloglang.com
http://www.hillmanwonders.com/philippines/phrases_philippines.htm
http://www.101languages.net/tagalog/basics.html
http://www.linguanaut.com/english_tagalog.htm
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD1832BDD7835EE25
http://talktagalog.com/yourfirst100tagalogsentences/
Phrases in Philippine languages
Aklan, Bikol, Cebuano, Cuyonon, Hiligaynon, Iloko, Tagalog
If you need to type in many different languages, the Q International Keyboard can help. If enables you to type almost any language that uses the Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free.
If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation, or by contributing in other ways. Omniglot is how I make my living.
A collection of useful phrases in Tagalog, an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Philippines.
Click on any of the (non-English) phrases that are links (blue) to hear them spoken. If you can provide recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me.
To see these phrases in many other languages click on the English versions. If you'd like to see these phrases in any combination of two languages, try the Phrase Finder.
Key to abbreviations: frm = formal, inf = informal
English | Tagalog |
---|---|
Welcome | Maligayang pagdating Mabuhay |
Hello (General greeting) | Musta? (inf) Kumusta? (frm) Hello Hi |
How are you? | Musta? (inf) Kumusta? (inf) Kumusta ka? (frm) |
Reply to 'How are you?' | Mabuti naman po (frm) Mabuti naman (inf) |
Long time no see | Tagal na ah! (inf) Grabe ang tagal na nating di nagkita! (inf) Ang tagal nating hindi nagkita (frm) |
What's your name? | Ano po ang pangalan nila? (frm) Anong pangalan mo? (inf) |
My name is .. | Ang pangalan ko po ay .. (frm) Ang pangalan ko ay .. (inf) |
Where are you from? | Tagasaan ka? Saan ka nanggaling? |
I'm from .. | Taga .. ako Ako ay galing sa .. |
Pleased to meet you | Kinagagalak kong makilala ka |
Good morning (Morning greeting) | Magandang umaga po (frm) Magandang umaga (inf) |
Good afternoon (Afternoon greeting) | Magandang hapon po (frm) Magandang hapon (inf) |
Good evening (Evening greeting) | Magandang gabi po (frm) Magandang gabi (inf) |
Good night | Gudnayt Matutulog na ako (I'm going to sleep now) Matulog ka na (Go to sleep already) - inf Matulog na po kayo (Go to sleep now) - frm |
Goodbye (Parting phrases) | Paálam |
Good luck! | Suwertehin ka sana Magsumikap ka (Work hard) Pagbutihin mo (Do your best) Mapasa iyo nawa ang suwerte (old fashioned) |
Cheers! Good Health! (Toasts used when drinking) | Mabuhay! (long life) |
Have a nice day | Magandang araw sa'yo! Magandang araw sa iyo! |
Bon appetit / Have a nice meal | Tayo'y magsikain (frm) Kainan na! (inf) - Let's eat! |
Bon voyage / Have a good journey | Maligayang paglalakbáy! |
Tagalog | Hindi ko alam |
Do you understand? | Nauunawaan mo? |
I understand | Naiintinidihan ko |
I don't understand | Hindi ko naiintindihan |
Please speak more slowly | Pwede mo bang bagalan ang iyong pagsasalita? |
Please say that again | Pakiúlit mo yon |
Please write it down | Pakisulat mo naman |
Do you speak Tagalog? | Nagsasalita ho/po ba kayo ng Tagalog? (inf) Nagta-Tagalog ka ba? |
Yes, a little (reply to 'Do you speak ..?') | Nagsasalita ako ng kaunti lamang (frm) Oo, konti lang (inf) |
Do you speak a language other than Tagalog? | Marunong ka bang magsalita ng ibang wika bukod sa Tagalog? Nakapagsasalita po ba kayo ng ibang wika bukod sa Filipino/Tagalog? (frm) Nakakapagsalita ka ba ng ibang lengguwahe bukod sa Filipino/Tagalog? (inf) |
How do you say .. in Tagalog? | Paano mo sabihin ang .. sa tagalog? |
Excuse me | Ipagpaumanhin ninyo ako! Paumanhin (po)! |
How much is this? | Magkano ho ito? Magkano to? |
Sorry | Patawad! Pasensya na |
Thank you | Salamat (inf) Maraming salamat (inf) Salamat po (frm) Maraming salamat po (frm) |
Reply to thank you | Wala pong anuman (frm) Walang anuman (inf) |
Where's the toilet / bathroom? | Nasaan ang kasilyas? Nasaan ang banyo? Nasaan ang CR? (comfort room) |
This gentleman/lady will pay for everything | Siya na po ang magbabayad ng lahat |
Would you like to dance with me? | Sayaw tayo (Let's dance) Tara sayaw tayo (Come dance with me) Gusto mo bang sumayaw? (inf) Maari ko bang hingin ang kamay mo para sa sayaw na ito? (vfrm) |
I miss you | Ikaw ay hanap-hanap ko (frm - old fashioned) |
I love you | Iniibig kita Mahal Kita Minamahal Kita Iniirog kita (old fashioned) |
Get well soon | Magpagaling ka na, ha |
Go away! | Lubayan mo ako! Lumayas ka sa harapan ko! Huwag mo akong pakialamanan! |
Leave me alone! | Iwanan mo ako mag-isa! Hayaan mo ko mapag-isa! Lubayan mo ako! Lumayas ka sa harapan ko! (Get out of my sight!) Huwag mo akong pakialamanan! (Don't bother me!) |
Help! | Saklolo! Tulong! |
Fire! | Sunog! |
Stop! | Tigil! Para! (to tell vehicle to stop) |
Call the police! | Tumawag ka ng pulis! |
Christmas greetings | Maligayang Pasko |
New Year greetings | Manigong bagong taon |
Easter greetings | Maligayang pasko ng pagkabuhay |
Birthday greetings | Maligayang kaarawan (Happy Birthday) Maligayang bati sa iyong kaarawan (Happy/Joyful/Merry Wishes on your Birthday) Nawa'y pagpalain ka ng Diyos ng marami pang kaarawan (May God bless you with many more birthdays to come) |
Congratulations! | Pagbati! Binabati kita! |
One language is never enough | Hindi sapat ang isang wika lamang Hindi sapat ang isang lengguahe lamang |
My hovercraft is full of eels Why this phrase? | Puno ng palos ang aking hoberkrap/hovercraft |
Hear some Tagalog phrases:
Corrections by Evan Rey Macasa and Innah Madrid
If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if you can provide recordings, please contact me.
Information about Tagalog | Phrases | Numbers | Time | Tongue twisters | Tower of Babel | Tagalog learning materials
Links
Collections of Tagalog phrases
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Homepage99/useful_tagalog_phrases3.htm
http://www.tagaloglang.com
http://www.hillmanwonders.com/philippines/phrases_philippines.htm
http://www.101languages.net/tagalog/basics.html
http://www.linguanaut.com/english_tagalog.htm
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD1832BDD7835EE25
http://talktagalog.com/yourfirst100tagalogsentences/
Phrases in Philippine languages
Aklan, Bikol, Cebuano, Cuyonon, Hiligaynon, Iloko, Tagalog
If you need to type in many different languages, the Q International Keyboard can help. If enables you to type almost any language that uses the Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free. Warriors orochi 4 chapters.
If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation, or by contributing in other ways. Omniglot is how I make my living.